Oxford 3000 Words: Complete A–Z List with Short Meanings

a article

Short meaning: used before a singular noun that is not specific.

Oxford 3000 core word.

abandon verb

Short meaning: to leave someone or something completely and not return.

Often appears in stories, news, and exams.

abandoned adjective

Short meaning: left empty or unused, with nobody caring for it.

Example: an abandoned building, an abandoned car.

ability noun

Short meaning: the power, skill, or talent to do something.

Useful in exam questions about skills and strengths.

able adjective

Short meaning: having the skill or opportunity to do something.

Often used with “to”: able to finish, able to help.

about prep./adv.

Short meaning: concerning something; in many directions or places.

Common in everyday English and exam reading passages.

above prep./adv./adj.

Short meaning: in a higher position than something else.

Frequently used for locations, measures, and comparisons.

abroad adverb

Short meaning: in or to another country.

Useful in travel, study, and work contexts.

absence noun

Short meaning: the state of not being present.

Appears often in academic and workplace writing.

absent adjective

Short meaning: not in the place where you are expected to be.

Common in school and attendance contexts.

absolute adjective

Short meaning: complete and total; not limited in any way.

Useful in arguments, essays, and strong statements.

absolutely adverb

Short meaning: completely; totally; without any doubt.

Common for emphasis in speech and writing.

absorb verb

Short meaning: to take in a liquid, idea, or information.

Useful in science, reading, and learning contexts.

abuse noun/verb

Short meaning: cruel or harmful treatment; to treat someone badly.

Appears in news, law, and academic contexts.

academic adj./noun

Short meaning: related to education, learning, or scholarly work.

A core term for school, college, and exam English.

accent noun/verb

Short meaning: the way someone pronounces words; a special emphasis.

Common in listening tests and speaking evaluations.

accept verb

Short meaning: to agree to take something or say yes to an offer.

Appears in emails, decisions, and formal writing.

acceptable adjective

Short meaning: good enough; suitable or allowed in a situation.

Useful for describing standards and requirements.

access noun/verb

Short meaning: the ability or right to enter or use something.

Common in technology, education, and services.

accident noun

Short meaning: something harmful or unpleasant that happens suddenly by chance.

Common in news, safety rules, and everyday conversation.

accidental adjective

Short meaning: happening by chance; not planned or intentional.

Used often in reports and descriptions.

accompany verb

Short meaning: to go somewhere with someone; to be provided with something else.

Common in instructions, travel contexts, and formal writing.

according to phrase

Short meaning: as stated by someone or in a document.

Essential for essays, reports, and referencing.

account noun/verb

Short meaning: a record of money; an explanation; to consider something.

Used in banking, reports, and daily English.

accurate adjective

Short meaning: correct and free from mistakes.

Useful for science, statistics, and academic writing.

accuse verb

Short meaning: to say someone has done something wrong or illegal.

Common in news and legal contexts.

achieve verb

Short meaning: to successfully reach a goal or complete something.

Essential for essays on goals and success.

achievement noun

Short meaning: something important or difficult that you succeed in doing.

Appears in CVs, interviews, and motivational writing.

acid noun/adjective

Short meaning: a chemical substance that can burn or dissolve things; sour-tasting.

Frequently used in science topics.

acknowledge verb

Short meaning: to admit something is true or to show you have received something.

Useful in formal writing and communication.

acquire verb

Short meaning: to get or gain something, usually through effort or learning.

Appears in academic and business contexts.

across preposition/adverb

Short meaning: from one side to the other.

Common in everyday directions and descriptions.

act noun/verb

Short meaning: to do something; a specific action or law.

Useful in legal, social, and motivational writing.

action noun

Short meaning: something that you do; steps taken to achieve something.

Common in plans, goals, and instructions.

active adjective

Short meaning: always doing things; involved; full of movement or activity.

Useful for fitness, lifestyle, and grammar topics.

activist noun

Short meaning: a person who works to bring about social or political change.

Common in news, social issues, and political texts.

activity noun

Short meaning: something that is done for work, learning, or pleasure.

Appears often in school tasks and productivity contexts.

actor noun

Short meaning: a man who performs in films, plays, or TV shows.

Entertainment, movies, and media contexts.

actress noun

Short meaning: a woman who performs in films, plays, or TV shows.

Used similarly to “actor,” but gender-specific.

actual adjective

Short meaning: real; existing in fact, not just in appearance.

Frequently used to correct assumptions.

actually adverb

Short meaning: used to emphasize the truth or reality of something.

Very common in everyday speech and writing.

ad noun

Short meaning: a short form of “advertisement”; a message that promotes something.

Seen everywhere—online, TV, apps, and billboards.

adapt verb

Short meaning: to change something so it works well in a new situation.

Important in discussions about growth and change.

add verb

Short meaning: to put something with something else to increase the amount.

Used in math, recipes, and instructions.

addition noun

Short meaning: the act of adding something; something extra that is included.

Common in math, writing, and product descriptions.

additional adjective

Short meaning: extra; more than what already exists.

Common in instructions, rules, and academic settings.

address noun/verb

Short meaning (noun): the details of where someone lives or works.
Short meaning (verb): to speak to someone; to deal with a problem or topic.

Useful in emails, forms, and discussions about issues.

add up phrasal verb

Short meaning: to calculate the total; to make sense logically.

Common in math and everyday reasoning.

adequate adjective

Short meaning: enough for a particular purpose; acceptable in quality or quantity.

Common in reviews, evaluations, and exam essays.

adjust verb

Short meaning: to change something slightly to make it better or fit properly.

Appears often in manuals, instructions, and problem-solving.

administration noun

Short meaning: the management or organizing of a company, school, or government.

Very common in business, governance, and university contexts.

admiration noun

Short meaning: a feeling of respect and approval towards someone or something.

Used frequently in emotional and descriptive writing.

admire verb

Short meaning: to respect or think highly of someone or something.

Common in essays describing people or achievements.

admit verb

Short meaning: to agree that something is true; to allow someone to enter a place.

Extremely common in conversations, reports, and statements.

adopt verb

Short meaning: to take something and start using it; to legally take a child into a family.

Appears in lifestyle, policy, and family-related topics.

adult noun

Short meaning: a fully grown person who is no longer a child.

Used in topics about age, responsibility, and independence.

advance verb

Short meaning: to move forward or make progress.

Common in academic, career, and technology contexts.

advanced adjective

Short meaning: at a high, difficult, or more developed level.

Appears in phrases like advanced course, advanced technology.

advantage noun

Short meaning: something that helps you or puts you in a better position.

Key word in essays about benefits and comparisons.

adventure noun

Short meaning: an exciting, sometimes risky experience or journey.

Common in stories, travel writing, and personal narratives.

advertise verb

Short meaning: to promote a product, service, or event to the public.

Important in business, marketing, and media topics.

advertisement noun

Short meaning: a public notice, picture, or message that tries to sell something.

Often shortened to “ad” in everyday English.

advertising noun

Short meaning: the business or activity of creating and sending advertisements.

Used in discussions about media, branding, and consumer culture.

advice noun

Short meaning: suggestions or opinions about what someone should do.

Uncountable noun: you give someone advice, not “an advice”.

advise verb

Short meaning: to suggest what someone should do in a situation.

Verb form of advice: advise someone to do something.

affair noun

Short meaning: an event, situation, or matter that people are concerned about.

Appears in news and formal writing: world affairs, public affairs.

affect verb

Short meaning: to influence or change something.

Common in academic, scientific, and analytical writing.

affection noun

Short meaning: a gentle feeling of liking or love.

Common in emotional and descriptive writing.

afford verb

Short meaning: to have enough money or resources to do something.

Used in financial, lifestyle, and daily decision contexts.

afraid adjective

Short meaning: feeling fear or worry.

Very common in everyday conversation.

after prep/adv/conj

Short meaning: later than a particular time or event.

Basic everyday word used in time expressions.

afternoon noun

Short meaning: the part of the day between noon and evening.

Everyday vocabulary used in scheduling and planning.

afterward adverb

Short meaning: at a later time; after something else has happened.

Useful in storytelling and sequencing.

again adverb

Short meaning: once more; another time.

Extremely common in everyday English.

against preposition

Short meaning: disagreeing with something or opposed to it; touching or supported by something.

Used in debates, sports, legal, and physical descriptions.

age noun/verb

Short meaning: the number of years someone has lived; to become older.

Common in personal information, surveys, and descriptions.

aged adjective

Short meaning: of a particular age; old.

Appears in formal writing: aged 10, aged 70, aged population.

agency noun

Short meaning: an organization that provides a service.

Used in business, travel, government, and planning.

agenda noun

Short meaning: a list of topics to be discussed in a meeting.

Common in business, planning, and academic contexts.

agent noun

Short meaning: a person or company that acts for another.

Used in business, travel, law, sports, and entertainment.

aggressive adjective

Short meaning: behaving in an angry or forceful way; very determined.

Appears in behavior descriptions and competitive contexts.

ago adverb

Short meaning: before the present time.

Used in time expressions: two days ago, years ago.

agree verb

Short meaning: to have the same opinion or to accept something.

Common in discussions, decisions, and teamwork.

agreement noun

Short meaning: a decision or arrangement reached by two or more people.

Used in business, law, negotiation, and everyday situations.

ahead adverb

Short meaning: in front; in the future.

Common in navigation, planning, and goal-setting.

aid noun / verb

Short meaning: help or support, or to provide assistance.

Common in academic and news contexts.

aim noun / verb

Short meaning: a goal or purpose; to direct effort or attention.

Often used in goals and planning contexts.

air noun

Short meaning: the invisible mixture of gases we breathe.

Useful in environment and science topics.

aircraft noun

Short meaning: any vehicle that can fly, such as airplanes or helicopters.

Appears in transport and travel contexts.

airport noun

Short meaning: a place where airplanes take off and land.

Essential for travel-related vocabulary.

alarm noun / verb

Short meaning: a warning sound; to make someone feel worried or frightened.

Used in safety, urgency, and emotional contexts.

alarmed adjective

Short meaning: feeling worried, scared, or surprised.

Common in emotional and news contexts.

alarming adjective

Short meaning: causing worry or fear.

Often used in news headlines.

alcohol noun

Short meaning: drinks that contain ethanol, such as wine or beer.

Frequently used in health and lifestyle contexts.

alcoholic adjective / noun

Short meaning: containing alcohol; or a person dependent on alcohol.

Appears in medical and social discussions.

alive adjective

Short meaning: living; not dead.

Common in news, stories, and emergency contexts.

all det / pronoun / adverb

Short meaning: the whole amount; every person or thing.

A core, high-frequency function word.

allied adjective

Short meaning: connected or united, especially in support or purpose.

Common in history and political topics.

allow of phrase

Short meaning: to make something possible; to permit something.

Often used in formal writing.

ally noun / verb

Short meaning: a person, country, or group that supports you; or to join with someone for support.

Common in international relations and teamwork contexts.

almost adverb

Short meaning: nearly; very close to something happening.

Used in everyday conversation and writing.

alone adjective / adverb

Short meaning: without other people; by yourself.

Appears in emotional and descriptive contexts.

along adverb / preposition

Short meaning: moving forward on a line, path, or surface.

Common with travel, direction, and movement.

alongside preposition / adverb

Short meaning: close to the side of something; together with.

Useful in teamwork, location, and comparison contexts.

aloud adverb

Short meaning: spoken loud enough to be heard; not silently.

Common in reading and speech practice contexts.

alphabet noun

Short meaning: the set of letters used for writing a language.

Essential for spelling, reading rules, and phonics.

alphabetical adjective

Short meaning: arranged in the order of the alphabet.

Used with lists, glossaries, and indexes.

already adverb

Short meaning: before now; earlier than expected.

Very common in everyday English.

also adverb

Short meaning: in addition; too.

A high-frequency connector in writing.

alter verb

Short meaning: to change something slightly.

Often used in discussions about changes or adjustments.

alternative noun / adjective

Short meaning: another option or choice; different.

Useful in problem-solving and planning.

alternatively adverb

Short meaning: used to introduce a different idea or option.

Common in formal writing and suggestions.

although conjunction

Short meaning: used to contrast two ideas in the same sentence.

Key word for complex sentence structure.

altogether adverb

Short meaning: completely; in total.

Useful in summaries and totals.

always adverb

Short meaning: at all times; on every occasion.

Top-frequency adverb in everyday English.

a.m. abbrev.

Short meaning: the time between midnight and noon.

Widely used in schedules and daily routines.

amaze verb

Short meaning: to surprise someone greatly.

Common in emotional and storytelling contexts.

amazed adjective

Short meaning: very surprised or impressed.

Often used to describe reactions.

amazing adjective

Short meaning: extremely good or impressive.

High-frequency word in daily English.

ambition noun

Short meaning: a strong desire to achieve something.

Common in career, education, and motivation topics.

ambulance noun

Short meaning: a vehicle used to take sick or injured people to the hospital.

Frequently appears in health and emergency contexts.

among preposition

Short meaning: in the middle of a group; surrounded by.

Used for groups, comparisons, and distributions.

amount noun / verb

Short meaning: a quantity of something; or to add up to.

Common in math, finance, and daily usage.

amuse verb

Short meaning: to make someone laugh or enjoy themselves.

Used with entertainment and emotions.

amused adjective

Short meaning: showing enjoyment or being entertained.

Often used to describe reactions to jokes or funny situations.

amusing adjective

Short meaning: funny or entertaining.

Common for describing light, humorous situations.

an article

Short meaning: used before singular nouns starting with a vowel sound.

High-frequency determiner in all levels of English.

analysis noun

Short meaning: a careful study of something to understand its parts.

Very common in academic and technical writing.

analyze verb

Short meaning: to study something carefully in order to understand it.

Important for essays, exams, and critical thinking tasks.

ancient adjective

Short meaning: very old; from a long time ago.

Common in history, archaeology, and culture topics.

and conjunction

Short meaning: used to join words, phrases, or ideas.

The most common connector in the English language.

anger noun

Short meaning: a strong feeling of annoyance or hostility.

Frequently used in emotional and conflict-based contexts.

angle noun / verb

Short meaning: a position or direction from which something is viewed; or to direct something in a particular way.

Used in geometry, photography, and discussions of perspective.

angry adjective

Short meaning: feeling or showing strong displeasure.

Highly common emotion word in daily life.

animal noun

Short meaning: a living creature that is not a plant.

Appears frequently in science, environment, and everyday use.

ankle noun

Short meaning: the joint between the foot and the leg.

Often used in health, sports, and injury contexts.

anniversary noun

Short meaning: the date on which an event happened in a previous year.

Common for celebrations, memories, and milestones.

announce verb

Short meaning: to officially tell people about something.

Used in news, events, and official statements.

announcement noun

Short meaning: a public or official statement about something.

Appears in schools, offices, and public information boards.

annoy verb

Short meaning: to make someone feel slightly angry or irritated.

Frequent in daily conversations about small frustrations.

annoyed adjective

Short meaning: feeling slightly angry or irritated.

Describes emotions caused by inconvenience or disturbance.

annoying adjective

Short meaning: causing irritation or mild anger.

Often used to describe habits, sounds, or behaviours.

annual adjective

Short meaning: happening once every year.

Common in reports, festivals, and scheduled events.

annually adverb

Short meaning: once every year.

Often used with financial or organizational activities.

another det. / pronoun

Short meaning: one more; an additional person or thing.

Very frequent in everyday English and conversation.

answer noun / verb

Short meaning: something you say or write when replying to a question; or to respond.

Very common in speaking, writing, and exam tasks.

anti- prefix

Short meaning: against or opposing something.

Used in words like anti-war, anti-social, antisense.

anticipate verb

Short meaning: to expect something to happen.

Used in planning, forecasting, and academic writing.

anxiety noun

Short meaning: a feeling of worry or nervousness.

Frequent in mental health, daily life, and news articles.

anxious adjective

Short meaning: feeling worried or nervous about something.

Often describes emotions before events or decisions.

any det. / pronoun / adverb

Short meaning: one, some, or every — used in questions and negatives.

Extremely common in everyday English and grammar.

anymore adverb

Short meaning: no longer; used mainly in negative sentences.

Common in spoken English, especially American English.

anyone pronoun

Short meaning: any person; anybody.

Useful in questions, offers, and general statements.

anything pronoun

Short meaning: any object, event, or idea.

Common for offers, questions, or possibilities.

anyway adverb

Short meaning: used to change the subject, return to a point, or show contrast.

Very common in casual conversation and transitions.

anywhere adverb

Short meaning: in, at, or to any place.

Common in travel, daily conversation, and negative sentences.

apart adverb

Short meaning: separated by a distance; not together.

Used to describe physical or emotional separation.

apart from prep.

Short meaning: except for; besides.

Useful for comparisons and exceptions in writing.

apartment noun

Short meaning: a set of rooms used for living in, usually within a building.

Common term in U.S. English for “flat.”

apologize verb

Short meaning: to say sorry for something you did.

Frequent in formal and informal communication.

apparently adverb

Short meaning: according to what seems true or what you’ve heard.

Useful for reports, summaries, and indirect information.

appeal noun / verb

Short meaning: an urgent request; or the quality of being attractive.

Used in law, marketing, and everyday descriptions.

appear verb

Short meaning: to become visible or seem to exist.

Common in descriptions, storytelling, and academic texts.

appearance noun

Short meaning: the way someone or something looks.

Frequently used in physical descriptions.

apple noun

Short meaning: a round fruit with red, green, or yellow skin.

One of the most common fruit names in English.

application noun

Short meaning: a formal request for something; or the practical use of a method or idea.

Common in job process, education, and technology.

apply verb

Short meaning: to make a formal request; or to use something in a practical way.

Used in academic writing, instructions, and job contexts.

appoint verb

Short meaning: to choose someone for a job or position.

Frequently appears in business, politics, and organisations.

appointment noun

Short meaning: a scheduled meeting, often with a professional.

Common for doctors, interviews, and official meetings.

appreciate verb

Short meaning: to recognize the value of something or be grateful for it.

Used widely in formal and informal communication.

approach noun / verb

Short meaning: a method of dealing with something; or to move closer to something.

Common in academic writing and planning.

appropriate adjective

Short meaning: suitable or right for a particular situation.

Widely used in formal contexts and recommendations.

approval noun

Short meaning: official permission or agreement.

Common in business, legal, and policy-related contexts.

approve verb

Short meaning: to officially agree to something.

Opposite of reject; used in decisions and policies.

approving adjective

Short meaning: showing support or agreement.

Often describes expressions, gestures, and reactions.

approximate adj. / verb

Short meaning: almost correct or exact; to come close to a value.

Used in math, science, and technical descriptions.

approximately adverb

Short meaning: close to a particular number or amount.

Common in statistics, research, and reports.

April noun

Short meaning: the fourth month of the year.

A standard calendar month name.

area noun

Short meaning: a region, space, or subject; or the size of a surface.

Common in geography, math, and general descriptions.

argue verb

Short meaning: to disagree verbally; or to present reasons for or against something.

Essential in essays, debates, and discussions.

argument noun

Short meaning: a disagreement; or a reason presented to support an idea.

Used heavily in academic writing and persuasive essays.

arise verb

Short meaning: to happen or begin to exist.

Common in formal writing: “problems arise,” “opportunities arise.”

arm noun / verb

Short meaning: the part of the body between the shoulder and hand; or to supply weapons.

Dual meaning—common in anatomy & global news.

armed adjective

Short meaning: carrying weapons.

Frequent in crime and conflict reporting.

arms noun

Short meaning: weapons used for fighting.

Common phrase: “the arms industry,” “take up arms.”

army noun

Short meaning: a large organized group of soldiers trained for war.

Common in news, history, and global affairs.

around adv. / prep.

Short meaning: surrounding something; in many places; approximately.

Flexible word used in daily conversation.

arrange verb

Short meaning: to organize, plan, or put things in order.

Useful in work, travel, and event planning contexts.

arrangement noun

Short meaning: a plan, agreement, or organized setup.

Often seen in business, travel, and scheduling.

arrest verb / noun

Short meaning: to take someone into police custody.

Very common in legal and crime reporting.

arrival noun

Short meaning: the act of coming to a place.

Used in travel, logistics, and daily schedules.

arrive verb

Short meaning: to reach a destination.

Appears in everyday speech & travel updates.

arrow noun

Short meaning: a pointed symbol or weapon that shows direction.

Used in diagrams, signs, and navigation.

art noun

Short meaning: creative expression such as painting, music, or design.

Appears in culture, education, and creativity contexts.

article noun

Short meaning: a piece of writing in a newspaper, magazine, or online; or a type of word in grammar (a/an/the).

Dual meaning—grammar + news media.

artificial adjective

Short meaning: made by humans, not natural.

Used for materials, feelings, and environments.

artist noun

Short meaning: a person who creates art such as paintings, drawings, or music.

Common in culture, entertainment, and media.

artistic adjective

Short meaning: showing skill or creativity in art.

Often used for talent, taste, or design.

as conj. / adv. / prep.

Short meaning: used to compare, explain reasons, or show roles.

Critical word in grammar, comparisons, and explanations.

ashamed adjective

Short meaning: feeling embarrassed or guilty about something.

Describes emotional reactions and social situations.

aside adverb

Short meaning: to one side; away from the main direction.

Used in giving instructions or describing movement.

aside from prep. phrase

Short meaning: except for; in addition to.

Common in writing and formal explanations.

ask verb

Short meaning: to request information or something from someone.

A core verb used everywhere in communication.

asleep adjective

Short meaning: sleeping; not awake.

Used in everyday descriptions of rest.

aspect noun

Short meaning: a part or feature of something.

Common in academic and analytical writing.

assist verb

Short meaning: to help or support someone in doing something.

Often used in work, sports, and emergency situations.

assistance noun

Short meaning: help or support given to someone.

Common in formal, business, and emergency contexts.

assistant noun

Short meaning: a person whose job is to help another person.

Used in workplaces, schools, and customer service.

associate verb

Short meaning: to connect one thing with another in your mind.

Common in psychology, branding, and memory techniques.

association noun

Short meaning: a group or organization; a connection between ideas or people.

Appears in business, clubs, and academic fields.

assume verb

Short meaning: to believe something is true without proof.

Key word in logic, analysis, and communication.

assure verb

Short meaning: to tell someone confidently that something is true.

Common in customer service, negotiations, and promises.

at preposition

Short meaning: used to show time, place, or direction.

One of the most essential prepositions in English.

atmosphere noun

Short meaning: the air around the Earth; or the feeling in a place.

Dual meaning—science and mood description.

atom noun

Short meaning: the smallest unit of a chemical element.

Found in science, chemistry, and physics contexts.

attach verb

Short meaning: to join or fix one thing to another.

Common in email, documents, and physical connections.

attached adjective

Short meaning: connected to something; joined physically or emotionally.

Used in emails, relationships, and construction.

attack noun/verb

Short meaning: to use force or strong action against someone or something.

Appears in news, sports, and arguments.

attempt verb/noun

Short meaning: to try to do something difficult.

Frequently used in exams, challenges, and goals.

attempted adjective

Short meaning: tried but not completed or successful.

Used in legal, academic, and news contexts.

attend verb

Short meaning: to go to an event, meeting, or place.

Common in school, work, and events.

attention noun

Short meaning: the act of focusing on something or someone.

Essential in education, communication, and warnings.

attitude noun

Short meaning: the way you think or feel about something.

Used heavily in psychology, workplace, and lifestyle topics.

attorney noun

Short meaning: a lawyer, especially in the US.

Key word in legal, political, and news contexts.

attract verb

Short meaning: to draw or pull someone’s attention or interest.

Common in marketing, nature, and social situations.

attraction noun

Short meaning: something that draws interest or makes people want to visit or experience it.

Used in travel, entertainment, and science.

attractive adjective

Short meaning: pleasant to look at or appealing in some way.

Common in appearance, marketing, and product descriptions.

audience noun

Short meaning: a group of people who watch, read, or listen to something.

Used in entertainment, media, marketing, and presentations.

August noun

Short meaning: the eighth month of the year.

Frequently used in schedules, planning, and events.

aunt noun

Short meaning: the sister of your father or mother.

A basic family relationship term used globally.

author noun

Short meaning: a person who writes books, articles, or other texts.

Used in publishing, academia, and content creation.

authority noun

Short meaning: the power or right to make decisions; an expert source.

Common in politics, law, and organizational contexts.

automatic adjective

Short meaning: working by itself without needing human control.

Used for machines, habits, and reactions.

available adjective

Short meaning: ready to be used, taken, or reached.

Extremely common in shopping, services, and schedules.

average adjective/noun

Short meaning: typical or usual; the result of adding numbers and dividing by the total count.

Used in math, statistics, and everyday descriptions.

avoid verb

Short meaning: to keep away from something or prevent it from happening.

Common in advice, safety, lifestyle, and communication.

awake adjective

Short meaning: not sleeping; conscious and alert.

Used in daily life, sleep discussions, and reactions.

award noun/verb

Short meaning: (n) a prize; (v) to officially give a prize or recognition.

Common in competitions, academics, and ceremonies.

aware adjective

Short meaning: knowing about a situation or fact.

Used in safety, education, and decision-making.

away adverb

Short meaning: at a distance from a place, person, or thing.

Extremely common in movement, travel, and daily speech.

awful adjective

Short meaning: very bad or unpleasant.

Frequently used in emotional reactions and reviews.

awkward adjective

Short meaning: causing discomfort or embarrassment; not smooth or graceful.

Used in social situations and physical movement descriptions.

baby noun

Short meaning: a very young child or newborn.

Common in family, health, and daily conversations.

back noun/adverb

Short meaning: (n) the rear part of something; (adv) returning to a place.

Used in directions, body parts, and movements.

background noun

Short meaning: the conditions or past events that form the context of something.

Important in profiles, stories, and visuals.

backward adverb

Short meaning: towards the back; in the opposite direction.

Used in movement, progress, and comparison.

bacteria noun (plural)

Short meaning: very small living organisms that can cause disease.

Common in science, health, and hygiene topics.

bad adjective

Short meaning: unpleasant, harmful, or of low quality.

One of the most common descriptive adjectives.

badly adverb

Short meaning: in a poor, harmful, or serious way.

Used for performance, quality, or urgency.

bag noun

Short meaning: a container made of cloth, paper, or plastic used for carrying things.

Used in travel, shopping, and daily life.

baggage noun

Short meaning: the bags and suitcases you take when traveling.

Common in airports, travel, and transport.

bake verb

Short meaning: to cook food using dry heat, usually in an oven.

Used in cooking, recipes, and food culture.

balance noun/verb

Short meaning: (n) a state of stability; (v) to make things equal in amount, weight, or importance.

Used in finance, health, lifestyle, and comparisons.

ball noun

Short meaning: a round object used in games and sports.

Common in sports, toys, and physical activities.

ban verb

Short meaning: to officially say that something is not allowed.

Used in law, rules, safety, and policy discussions.

band noun

Short meaning: a group of musicians; a thin strip of material.

Appears in music, fashion, and technical topics.

bandage noun

Short meaning: a strip of cloth used to cover and protect an injury.

Common in first aid and health contexts.

bank noun

Short meaning: a place where people keep, save, and manage money.

Essential in finance and daily life transactions.

bar noun

Short meaning: a place serving drinks; a long piece of solid material.

Used in restaurants, law (“bar exam”), and physics.

barely adverb

Short meaning: only just; almost not.

Used in results, limits, and comparisons.

bargain noun

Short meaning: something bought at a lower price than usual.

Common in shopping and money-saving context.

barrier noun

Short meaning: something that prevents movement or makes progress difficult.

Used in physical settings and abstract challenges.

base noun/verb

Short meaning: (n) the lowest or main part of something; (v) to use something as a foundation.

Appears in science, math, structure, and decision-making.

baseball noun

Short meaning: a sport played with a bat, a ball, and four bases.

Widely followed in the US and Japan.

basic adjective

Short meaning: simple, necessary, or forming the main part of something.

Used in learning, lifestyle, and core skills.

basically adverb

Short meaning: in the most important or simplest way.

Common in explanations and summaries.

basis noun

Short meaning: the main reason, support, or starting point for something.

Appears in arguments, rules, and research.

basketball noun

Short meaning: a sport where two teams try to score by throwing a ball through a hoop.

Popular globally; fast-paced and team-based.

bath noun

Short meaning: the act of washing your body in water.

Daily hygiene and relaxation usage.

bathroom noun

Short meaning: a room with a bath/shower and usually a toilet.

One of the most common household words.

battery noun

Short meaning: a device that stores electricity and provides power.

Used in phones, cars, electronics, and tools.

battle noun

Short meaning: a fight or major conflict between groups or armies.

Used literally (wars) and metaphorically (personal struggles).

bay noun

Short meaning: a part of the sea that curves inward into the land.

Often used in geography and coastal descriptions.

be verb

Short meaning: the most basic verb used to show identity, state, or existence.

One of the most important English verbs.

beach noun

Short meaning: an area of sand or stones beside the sea.

Common in travel, leisure, and geography contexts.

beak noun

Short meaning: the hard, pointed mouth of a bird.

Appears in biology and animal descriptions.

bear verb/noun

Short meaning: (v) to carry or tolerate; (n) a large strong wild animal.

Dual meaning: verb (support) and noun (animal).

beard noun

Short meaning: hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of a man.

Common in descriptions of appearance.

beat verb/noun

Short meaning: (v) to defeat or hit; (n) the regular rhythm of music.

Used in sports, fighting, and music.

beautiful adjective

Short meaning: very pleasant to look at or experience.

Common in appearance, nature, art, and compliments.

beautifully adverb

Short meaning: in a very attractive or impressive way.

Used for actions, performances, and descriptions.

beauty noun

Short meaning: the quality of being very pleasing to see or experience.

Also used in expressions like “the beauty of it is…”.

because conjunction

Short meaning: for the reason that something happens.

Used to explain causes or reasons in sentences.

become verb

Short meaning: to begin to be something or change into something.

Common with adjectives: become tired, become famous.

bed noun

Short meaning: a piece of furniture used for sleeping.

Also appears in phrases: go to bed, stay in bed.

bedroom noun

Short meaning: a room in a house where people sleep.

One of the core household vocabulary words.

beef noun

Short meaning: meat that comes from cows.

Used in cooking, restaurants, and food labels.

beer noun

Short meaning: an alcoholic drink made from malt and hops.

Common in social, cultural, and dining contexts.

before prep/adv/conj

Short meaning: earlier in time than something else.

Used in time expressions, events, and ordering.

begin verb

Short meaning: to start doing something.

Common in instructions and process descriptions.

beginning noun

Short meaning: the first or early part of something.

Used in stories, timelines, and processes.

behalf noun

Short meaning: as a representative of someone or in someone’s interest.

Common in formal writing: “on behalf of…”

bend verb/noun

Short meaning: to curve or cause something to curve.

Used for physical movement and shapes.

beneath prep./adv.

Short meaning: in a lower position; under something.

Common in descriptions and instructions.

benefit noun/verb

Short meaning: a good or helpful effect; to gain something positive.

Used often in work, health, and education contexts.

bent adjective

Short meaning: not straight; curved or folded.

Example: a bent nail, bent metal.

beside preposition

Short meaning: next to or close to someone or something.

Used frequently in descriptions and stories.

best adj./adv./noun

Short meaning: the highest quality; better than all others.

Comparative/superlative form of "good".

bet verb/noun

Short meaning: to risk money or a guess on an outcome.

Often used in informal speech: "I bet you can do it."

better adj./adv./verb

Short meaning: of higher quality; an improved version.

Comparative form of "good".

between preposition

Short meaning: in the space separating two or more things.

Used in time expressions, comparisons, and positions.

beyond prep./adv.

Short meaning: farther than; outside the limit of something.

Example: beyond control, beyond the mountains.

bicycle noun

Short meaning: a vehicle with two wheels that you ride by pedaling.

Common in travel, school, and everyday life.

bid verb/noun

Short meaning: to offer a price for something, especially at an auction.

Common in business and auction contexts.

big adjective

Short meaning: large in size or importance.

Very common in everyday English.

bill noun

Short meaning: a statement of money owed; or a proposed law.

Used in shops, restaurants, and legal contexts.

biology noun

Short meaning: the scientific study of living things.

Found in academic and science contexts.

bird noun

Short meaning: an animal with feathers and wings.

Common in nature and everyday language.

birth noun

Short meaning: the act of being born.

Often used for life events and personal information.

birthday noun

Short meaning: the anniversary of the day someone was born.

Very common in social and family language.

bit noun

Short meaning: a small piece or amount of something.

Common in everyday English.

bite verb/noun

Short meaning: to cut or press with the teeth.

Used for food or animal actions.

bitter adjective

Short meaning: having a strong, unpleasant taste; or feeling angry/upset.

Used for taste and emotions.

bitterly adverb

Short meaning: in an angry, hurt, or very disappointed way.

Often used to express strong negative emotion.

black adj./noun

Short meaning: the darkest color; also refers to people or things that are black.

Common descriptive word.

blade noun

Short meaning: the sharp cutting edge of a knife or tool.

Used in tools, weapons, machines.

blame verb/noun

Short meaning: to say or think someone is responsible for something bad.

Common in daily disagreements and news.

blank adj./noun

Short meaning: empty or without writing; showing no expression.

Used for pages, screens, and facial expressions.

blind adj./verb/noun

Short meaning: unable to see; also used metaphorically.

Examples: blind person, blind trust.

block noun/verb

Short meaning: a solid piece of material; or to stop movement.

Shows up in sports, streets, and everyday tasks.

blond adj./noun

Short meaning: having pale yellow hair; also refers to a blond person.

Spelling varies: blond/blonde.

blood noun

Short meaning: the red liquid that flows through the body.

Common in health, biology, and danger situations.

blow verb/noun

Short meaning: to move air; or hit/strike as a noun.

Examples: blow the candle, a heavy blow.

blue adj./noun

Short meaning: the color of the sky or sea; also describes something sad.

Common color word in daily use.

board noun/verb

Short meaning: a flat piece of wood; or to get onto a plane, ship, or bus.

Used in travel, school, and construction.

boat noun

Short meaning: a small vehicle for traveling on water.

Seen in travel, lakes, rivers, and coastal scenes.

body noun

Short meaning: the physical structure of a person or animal; a group or mass.

Core vocabulary in health, science, and everyday life.

boil verb/noun

Short meaning: heat a liquid until it bubbles; also a noun for a skin infection.

Common in cooking and recipes.

bomb noun/verb

Short meaning: an explosive weapon; as a verb, to attack with bombs.

Appears in news and military contexts.

bond noun/verb

Short meaning: a strong connection or attachment; or to form that connection.

Used in finance, relationships, chemistry.

bone noun

Short meaning: the hard parts inside the body that form the skeleton.

Common word in biology and anatomy.

book noun/verb

Short meaning: noun: a written work; verb: to reserve something.

Examples: book a flight, read a book.

boot noun/verb

Short meaning: a type of shoe that covers the ankle; also to start a computer.

British English: the trunk of a car.

border noun/verb

Short meaning: the line between two countries or areas; also to be next to something.

Common in maps, travel, and politics.

bore verb

Short meaning: to make someone feel uninterested or tired.

Often used when talking about dull activities or talks.

bored adjective

Short meaning: feeling uninterested or tired because nothing exciting is happening.

A common emotion word.

boring adjective

Short meaning: not interesting; dull.

Opposite: interesting, exciting.

born adjective

Short meaning: brought into life; used with “be born.”

Example: born in 1998, born to succeed.

borrow verb

Short meaning: to take something for a time and return it later.

Opposite: lend.

boss noun

Short meaning: the person in charge at work.

Used in business and workplace situations.

both determiner/pronoun

Short meaning: referring to two people or things together.

Example: both of them, both books.

bother verb/noun

Short meaning: to annoy or interrupt someone; or a problem/trouble.

Example: Don't bother me now.

bottle noun/verb

Short meaning: a container for liquids; or to put something into a bottle.

Used for drinks, oils, sauces, and packaging.

bottom noun / adjective

Short meaning: the lowest part of something.

Common in descriptions and directions.

bound adjective / verb

Short meaning: certain to happen; heading towards a place.

Useful in travel and prediction contexts.

bowl noun

Short meaning: a round dish used for holding food or liquid.

Daily-use household word.

box noun / verb

Short meaning: a container with flat sides; to fight with fists.

Dual meaning—object and action.

boy noun

Short meaning: a male child.

Very common everyday vocabulary.

boyfriend noun

Short meaning: a man who someone is having a romantic relationship with.

Frequently appears in conversations and stories.

brain noun

Short meaning: the organ inside your head that controls thoughts and actions.

Used in science, health, and figurative expressions.

branch noun / verb

Short meaning: a part of a tree; a part of an organization.

Important for business and nature topics.

brand noun / verb

Short meaning: a product identity by a company.

Common in business, marketing, and product reviews.

brave adjective

Short meaning: showing courage and not being afraid.

Frequent in stories, news, and character descriptions.

bread noun

Short meaning: a common food made from flour and water, baked.

Example: sliced bread, fresh bread.

break verb/noun

Short meaning: to separate into pieces; or a short pause.

Common in everyday use: break a glass, take a break.

breakfast noun

Short meaning: the first meal of the day.

Often used in morning routines.

break in phrasal verb

Short meaning: to enter a building illegally or by force.

Also used for making new shoes comfortable.

breast noun

Short meaning: the front part of the body between the neck and stomach.

Common in medical and biological texts.

breath noun

Short meaning: the air taken into or let out of the lungs.

Not to be confused with “breathe.”

breathe verb

Short meaning: to take air into your lungs and let it out.

Often used in fitness, health, and stress contexts.

breathing noun

Short meaning: the act of taking air in and letting it out from the lungs.

Example: deep breathing exercises.

breed verb/noun

Short meaning: to reproduce; or a type of animal.

Common in animals, farming, and biology.

brick noun

Short meaning: a small rectangular block used for building.

Seen in construction, architecture, and design.

bridge noun

Short meaning: a structure built over a river, road, or gap to allow people or vehicles to cross.

Common in travel, engineering, and geography topics.

brief adj./noun

Short meaning: short in time or length; a quick summary.

Useful in meetings, reports, and instructions.

briefly adverb

Short meaning: in a short or quick manner.

Example: “Let me explain briefly.”

bright adjective

Short meaning: giving a lot of light; intelligent or full of hope.

Common: bright light, bright student, bright future.

brilliant adjective

Short meaning: extremely clever or impressive; very bright.

A strong positive adjective used in many contexts.

bring verb

Short meaning: to take someone or something with you to a place.

Common phrasing: bring along, bring back, bring in.

broad adjective

Short meaning: wide; covering a large area or range.

Example: a broad range of topics, broad shoulders.

broadcast verb/noun

Short meaning: to send out radio or TV signals; a program that is aired.

Used widely in media, journalism, and communication.

broadly adverb

Short meaning: generally; not in detail.

Example: “Broadly speaking, the results were positive.”

broken adjective

Short meaning: damaged or not working; separated into pieces.

Common phrases: broken heart, broken system, broken glass.

brother noun

Short meaning: a male sibling.

Very common in family conversations and descriptions.

brown adj./noun

Short meaning: the color of wood, soil, or chocolate.

Used for colors, clothing, objects, and nature.

brush noun/verb

Short meaning: (n) a tool with bristles; (v) to clean or smooth using a brush.

Examples: hair brush, paint brush, brush your teeth.

bubble noun

Short meaning: a round pocket of air or gas in liquid.

Also used metaphorically: economic bubble, social bubble.

budget noun

Short meaning: a plan for how to spend and manage money.

Key in finance, economics, and personal planning.

build verb

Short meaning: to make or construct something.

Used in construction, software, teams, and ideas.

building noun

Short meaning: a structure with walls and a roof.

Examples: office building, residential building.

bullet noun

Short meaning: a small piece of metal fired from a gun.

Also used metaphorically: “bite the bullet.”

bunch noun

Short meaning: a group of things of the same type.

Common: a bunch of grapes, a bunch of keys, a bunch of people.

burn verb

Short meaning: to destroy or damage something by fire or heat.

Used in cooking, injuries, energy, and emotions.

burn down phrasal verb

Short meaning: to be destroyed by fire until nothing remains.

Used for buildings and large structures.

burst verb

Short meaning: to break open suddenly.

Example: balloons burst, pipes burst.

bury verb

Short meaning: to put something under the ground.

Also used figuratively: bury feelings, bury differences.

bus noun

Short meaning: a large road vehicle for carrying passengers.

Common in daily travel and public transport.

bush noun

Short meaning: a small, leafy plant or shrub.

Used in gardening, nature, and landscapes.

business noun

Short meaning: work related to buying, selling, or providing services.

Core word for economics, jobs, and organizations.

businessman noun

Short meaning: a man who works in business.

Profession word; related to entrepreneurship.

businesswoman noun

Short meaning: a woman who works in business.

Modern, gender-specific profession term.

busy adj.

Short meaning: having a lot of work or activities to do.

Daily communication word: “I’m busy today.”

but conjunction

Short meaning: used to introduce contrast or exception.

Core conjunction for sentence structure.

butt noun

Short meaning: the thick or end part of something.

Example: the butt of a cigarette.

butter noun

Short meaning: a soft yellow food made from milk.

Used in cooking, baking, and breakfast foods.

button noun

Short meaning: a small object you press or use to fasten clothes.

Common for shirts, devices, and controls.

buy verb

Short meaning: to get something by paying money.

Key verb for shopping and economic actions.

buyer noun

Short meaning: a person who buys something.

Important term in business and marketing.

by preposition

Short meaning: near, using, or before a time.

Essential for instructions, location, and deadlines.

bye exclamation

Short meaning: a friendly and informal way to say “goodbye.”

Common in everyday conversation.

c. abbreviation

Short meaning: used before a date to mean “about” or “approximately.”

Common in history: c. 1900 means “around 1900.”

cabinet noun

Short meaning: a cupboard for storage; or a group of top government ministers.

Used in home furnishing and political contexts.

cable noun

Short meaning: a thick wire that carries electricity or data.

Example: charging cable, internet cable.

cake noun

Short meaning: a sweet baked food, usually eaten at celebrations.

Common: birthday cake, chocolate cake.

calculate verb

Short meaning: to find a number or amount by using mathematics.

Example: calculate your expenses.

calculation noun

Short meaning: the process of finding a number or amount.

Often used in finance, math, and science.

call verb/noun

Short meaning: to phone someone; or to shout to get attention.

Example: call a friend; a phone call.

call back phrasal verb

Short meaning: to return a phone call.

Common in daily conversations and business calls.

calm adjective/verb

Short meaning: not excited, angry, or nervous; or to make someone relaxed.

Example: stay calm; calm the situation.

calm down phrasal verb

Short meaning: to become more relaxed or less angry.

Useful in emotional or stressful situations.

camera noun

Short meaning: a device used to take photographs or record videos.

Common in daily life: phone camera, digital camera.

camp noun/verb

Short meaning: a place where people stay in tents; or to stay outdoors for a short time.

Example: summer camp, camping in the forest.

campaign noun

Short meaning: a series of planned activities to achieve a goal, especially in politics or marketing.

Example: election campaign, awareness campaign.

can modal verb

Short meaning: used to say someone has the ability or permission to do something.

Example: I can help; you can enter.

cancel verb

Short meaning: to decide that something will not happen.

Example: cancel a meeting, cancel a flight.

cancer noun

Short meaning: a serious disease where cells in the body grow out of control.

Common in health and medical topics.

candidate noun

Short meaning: a person who is being considered for a job, position, or election.

Used in job hiring and political elections.

candy noun

Short meaning: a sweet food made mostly of sugar.

U.S. English: candy; U.K. English: sweets.

cap noun

Short meaning: a small hat; or a limit on an amount.

Examples: baseball cap; spending cap.

capable adjective

Short meaning: having the ability or qualities needed to do something.

Example: capable of solving complex problems.

capacity noun

Short meaning: the amount something can hold; or someone’s ability to do something.

Example: seating capacity; capacity to learn.

capital noun

Short meaning: the city where a government is based; or money used for investment.

Example: capital city; financial capital.

captain noun

Short meaning: the person in charge of a team, ship, or aircraft.

Example: team captain; airline captain.

capture verb

Short meaning: to catch or take control of someone or something; or to record an image.

Example: capture a moment; capture a criminal.

car noun

Short meaning: a road vehicle with four wheels used for travel.

Example: drive a car; car engine.

card noun

Short meaning: a small piece of paper or plastic with information.

Examples: credit card, ID card, birthday card.

care noun/verb

Short meaning: attention or help given to someone; or to be concerned about something.

Example: take care; health care.

career noun

Short meaning: the work a person does for most of their life.

Example: career path; career development.

careful adjective

Short meaning: giving attention to avoid mistakes or danger.

Example: be careful while driving.

careless adjective

Short meaning: not giving enough attention, leading to mistakes or accidents.

Opposite of careful: careless error, careless driver.

carpet noun

Short meaning: a thick material used to cover floors.

Common in homes: carpeted room, carpet cleaner.

carrot noun

Short meaning: a long orange vegetable that grows underground.

Used in salads, soups, and everyday cooking.

carry verb

Short meaning: to hold something and take it from one place to another.

Example: carry a bag; carry groceries.

carry on phrasal verb

Short meaning: to continue doing something.

Common phrase: carry on working, carry on talking.

case noun

Short meaning: a particular situation; or a container for holding something.

Examples: in this case; a phone case; a legal case.

cash noun

Short meaning: money in the form of coins or notes.

Example: pay in cash; cash payment.

cast verb/noun

Short meaning: to choose actors for a play or movie; or to throw something.

Example: movie cast; cast a vote; cast a line.

cat noun

Short meaning: a small animal kept as a pet.

Common pets: house cat, stray cat.

catch verb

Short meaning: to grab or hold something that is moving; or to get an illness.

Example: catch a ball; catch a cold.

category noun

Short meaning: a group of things that are of the same type or share similar features.

Example: categories in a website or exam topics.

cattle noun

Short meaning: large farm animals such as cows and bulls.

Used in farming: a herd of cattle.

cause noun/verb

Short meaning: the reason something happens; or to make something happen.

Example: cause damage; cause of illness.

CD noun

Short meaning: a small disc used for storing music or data.

Less common today but still used in media collections.

cease verb

Short meaning: to stop happening or to stop doing something.

Common phrase: cease to exist; cease fire.

ceiling noun

Short meaning: the surface that forms the top of a room.

Example: high ceiling; ceiling fans.

celebrate verb

Short meaning: to do something enjoyable because of a special moment.

Example: celebrate a birthday; celebrate success.

celebration noun

Short meaning: a social event to mark a happy occasion.

Often used with festivals, birthdays, holidays.

cell noun

Short meaning: the smallest unit of living organisms; or a small room such as a prison cell.

Also used in tech: battery cell; cell structure.

cell phone noun

Short meaning: a portable telephone you can take with you.

Modern use: smartphone; mobile device.

cent noun

Short meaning: a unit of money equal to 1/100 of a dollar.

Example: 50 cents; price in cents.

center noun

Short meaning: the middle point or most important part of something.

Example: city center; center of attention.

centimeter noun

Short meaning: a unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter.

Often written as: cm.

central adjective

Short meaning: in the middle; or the most important part of something.

Example: central idea; central location.

century noun

Short meaning: a period of 100 years.

Example: the 21st century.

ceremony noun

Short meaning: a formal event held on a special occasion.

Example: graduation ceremony; award ceremony.

certain adjective

Short meaning: completely sure; or referring to a specific but unnamed thing.

Example: certain people; I’m certain about this.

certainly adverb

Short meaning: used to show agreement or strong belief; definitely.

Example: “Can you help?” — “Certainly!”

certificate noun

Short meaning: an official document proving something is true.

Example: birth certificate; course certificate.

chain noun

Short meaning: a series of connected metal rings; or a group of related businesses.

Examples: bike chain; restaurant chain.

chair noun

Short meaning: a seat for one person; or the person leading a meeting.

Example: office chair; chair of the committee.

chairman noun

Short meaning: the male leader of a meeting, committee, or organization.

Example: chairman of the board.

chairwoman noun

Short meaning: the female leader of a meeting, committee, or organization.

Example: chairwoman of the committee.

challenge noun / verb

Short meaning: something difficult that tests your skill or ability.

Example: take on a new challenge.

chamber noun

Short meaning: a room used for official or special purposes.

Example: the upper chamber of parliament.

chance noun

Short meaning: a possibility that something may happen.

Example: There’s a good chance of success.

change verb / noun

Short meaning: to make something different; or the result of becoming different.

Example: change your mind; climate change.

channel noun

Short meaning: a TV station; or a way to communicate or move something.

Example: news channel; open a communication channel.

chapter noun

Short meaning: a main division of a book.

Example: chapter one; final chapter.

character noun

Short meaning: a person in a book or film; or the qualities that make someone unique.

Example: main character; strong moral character.

characteristic noun / adjective

Short meaning: a typical quality that makes a person or thing different.

Example: a characteristic feature of the style.

charge noun / verb

Short meaning: a price you must pay; or to accuse someone; or to power a device.

Example: charge your phone; free of charge.

charity noun

Short meaning: an organization that helps people in need, or the act of giving help.

Example: donate to charity.

chart noun

Short meaning: a simple drawing or graph that shows information clearly.

Example: a bar chart of results.

chase verb / noun

Short meaning: to run after someone or something in order to catch them.

Example: chase a dog; a police chase.

chat verb / noun

Short meaning: to talk in a friendly, informal way.

Example: chat online; have a quick chat.

cheap adjective

Short meaning: costing very little money.

Example: cheap clothes; cheap tickets.

cheaply adverb

Short meaning: in a way that costs little money.

Example: live cheaply while studying.

cheat verb / noun

Short meaning: to act dishonestly to gain an advantage.

Example: cheat on a test.

check verb / noun

Short meaning: to look at something to make sure it is correct or safe.

Example: check the time; a quick check.

cheerful adjective

Short meaning: happy, positive, and showing joy.

Example: a cheerful attitude.

cheese noun

Short meaning: a food made from milk, usually yellow or white.

Used in sandwiches, snacks, and cooking.

chemical noun / adjective

Short meaning: a substance used or produced in chemistry.

Example: harmful chemicals; chemical reactions.

chemist noun

Short meaning: a person trained to prepare and sell medicines.

Also refers to someone who studies chemistry.

chemistry noun

Short meaning: the scientific study of substances and how they react.

A core branch of science—elements, compounds, reactions.

chest noun

Short meaning: the upper front part of the body, or a large strong box.

Example: chest pain; a wooden chest.

chew verb

Short meaning: to bite food repeatedly before swallowing.

Example: chew your food well.

chicken noun

Short meaning: a common farm bird, or its meat used for food.

Example: chicken soup; grilled chicken.

chief noun / adjective

Short meaning: the leader of a group; or the most important.

Example: police chief; the chief reason.

child noun

Short meaning: a young person who is not yet an adult.

Plural form: children.

childhood noun

Short meaning: the period of time when someone is a child.

Example: childhood memories.

chin noun

Short meaning: the lower part of your face, below your mouth.

Example: raise your chin.

chip noun / verb

Short meaning: a small broken piece; or a thin fried snack; or a tiny computer component.

Example: a chocolate chip; a computer chip.

chocolate noun

Short meaning: a sweet food made from cocoa, often eaten as a bar or used in desserts.

Example: chocolate cake.

choice noun

Short meaning: something you choose; one option among many.

Example: make a choice.

choose verb

Short meaning: to select one thing from several options.

Example: choose wisely.

chop verb

Short meaning: to cut something into small pieces, usually with a knife.

Example: chop onions.

church noun

Short meaning: a building where Christians worship.

Example: go to church on Sunday.

cigarette noun

Short meaning: a thin roll of paper filled with tobacco for smoking.

Example: a pack of cigarettes.

circle noun / verb

Short meaning: a perfectly round shape; or to move around something.

Example: draw a circle; circle the block.

circumstance noun

Short meaning: a fact or condition that affects a situation.

Example: under difficult circumstances.

citizen noun

Short meaning: a person who legally belongs to a country.

Example: a citizen of the United States.

city noun

Short meaning: a large and important town.

Example: New York City.

civil adjective

Short meaning: relating to ordinary citizens; or being polite.

Example: civil law; civil behavior.

claim verb / noun

Short meaning: to say something is true or to request something officially.

Example: file an insurance claim.

class noun

Short meaning: a group of students; or a category of things/people.

Example: an English class; social classes.

classic adjective / noun

Short meaning: well-known, high-quality, and considered a perfect example.

Example: a classic movie; a classic style.

classroom noun

Short meaning: a room where students are taught.

Example: a classroom lesson.

clean verb / adjective

Short meaning: to remove dirt; or free from dirt.

Example: clean your room; clean clothes.

clear adjective / verb

Short meaning: easy to understand; or to remove things blocking something.

Example: a clear explanation; clear the table.

clearly adverb

Short meaning: in a way that is easy to understand or see.

Example: clearly explain your answer.

clear out phrasal verb

Short meaning: to remove things from a place so it becomes empty or tidy.

Example: clear out your old clothes from the closet.

clerk noun

Short meaning: a person whose job is to keep records or help customers in an office, bank, or shop.

Common in office, hotel, and store contexts.

click verb / noun

Short meaning: to press a button on a mouse or screen; or the short sound it makes.

Example: click the link to open the page.

client noun

Short meaning: a person or company that receives professional services.

Example: a lawyer’s client; a design client.

climate noun

Short meaning: the usual weather conditions in a particular place.

Also used for the general situation: the political climate.

climb verb / noun

Short meaning: to go up something, especially using your feet and hands.

Example: climb a mountain; climb the stairs.

clock noun

Short meaning: a device that shows the time of day.

Example: a wall clock; a digital clock.

close adjective / adverb / verb

Short meaning (adjective/adverb): near in distance, time, or relationship.

Example: a close friend; sit close to the window.

Short meaning (verb): to shut something or bring something to an end.

Example: close the door; the meeting will close at 5 PM.

closed adjective

Short meaning: not open for use, business, or entry.

Example: The store is closed on Sundays.

closet noun

Short meaning: a small room or space used for storing clothes or other items.

Example: Hang your jacket in the closet.

cloth noun

Short meaning: material made by weaving or knitting fibers.

Example: a piece of cloth; clean with a cloth.

clothes noun (plural)

Short meaning: things you wear such as shirts, pants, and dresses.

Example: Put your clothes in the drawer.

clothing noun (uncountable)

Short meaning: general term for all items you wear.

Example: winter clothing; sports clothing.

cloud noun

Short meaning: a white or gray mass in the sky made of tiny drops of water.

Example: dark clouds mean rain.

club noun

Short meaning: a group of people with a shared interest; or a place for social activity.

Example: a sports club; join a book club.

cm abbreviation

Short meaning: short for “centimeter,” a unit of length in the metric system.

Example: The table is 90 cm long.

coach noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a person who trains or teaches others, especially in sports.

Short meaning (noun): a comfortable long-distance bus.

Short meaning (verb): to train or teach someone.

Example: a football coach; coach students for exams.

coal noun

Short meaning: a hard black substance burned as fuel.

Example: coal is used in power plants.

coast noun

Short meaning: the land next to or near the sea.

Example: a city on the coast.

coat noun

Short meaning: a piece of clothing worn over other clothes to keep warm.

Example: Put on your coat before you go outside.

code noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a system of symbols, laws, or instructions.

Short meaning (verb): to write instructions for a computer.

Example: write code; a security code; a code of conduct.

coffee noun

Short meaning: a hot drink made from roasted coffee beans.

Example: Would you like a cup of coffee?

coin noun

Short meaning: a small, flat piece of metal used as money.

Example: a ten-cent coin.

cold adjective / noun

Short meaning (adjective): having a low temperature.

Short meaning (noun): a common illness that affects the nose and throat.

Example: cold weather; catch a cold.

coldly adverb

Short meaning: in an unfriendly or unemotional way.

Example: She replied coldly and walked away.

collapse verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to fall down suddenly or fail completely.

Short meaning (noun): the sudden failure or falling apart of something.

Example: The building collapsed after the explosion.

colleague noun

Short meaning: a person you work with.

Example: She discussed the project with her colleagues.

collect verb

Short meaning: to bring things together, or to receive something.

Example: collect information; collect the package.

collection noun

Short meaning: a group of things gathered together.

Example: a collection of books; a fashion collection.

college noun

Short meaning: a place where students study after high school to earn degrees or qualifications.

Example: She hopes to go to college next year.

color noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): the quality of an object seen as red, blue, green, etc.

Short meaning (verb): to add color to something, usually by drawing or painting.

Example: What’s your favorite color?

column noun

Short meaning: a vertical block of text or numbers; or a tall stone structure that supports a building.

Example: a newspaper column; a column of figures.

combination noun

Short meaning: two or more things joined together to create a result.

Example: a combination of skill and hard work.

combine verb

Short meaning: to join two or more things so they work together.

Example: Combine flour and water to make dough.

come verb

Short meaning: to move toward a place or person.

Example: Please come here for a moment.

come about phrasal verb

Short meaning: to happen or occur, especially by chance.

Example: How did this situation come about?

come away phrasal verb

Short meaning: to leave a place with a particular feeling or impression.

Example: She came away feeling more confident.

comedy noun

Short meaning: a film, play, or show that is meant to make people laugh.

Example: We watched a comedy last night.

come on phrasal verb / expression

Short meaning (phrasal verb): to begin working or to start operating.

Short meaning (expression): used to encourage or urge someone.

Example: Come on, you can do it!

come over phrasal verb

Short meaning: to visit someone at their home; or for a feeling to suddenly affect you.

Example: Why don’t you come over this evening?

comfort noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a feeling of physical or emotional ease.

Short meaning (verb): to make someone feel less sad or worried.

Example: His words gave her comfort.

comfortable adjective

Short meaning: feeling relaxed and without physical or emotional discomfort.

Example: This chair is very comfortable.

comfortably adverb

Short meaning: in a relaxed, easy, or pleasant way.

Example: The family lives comfortably.

command noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): an order or instruction given with authority.

Short meaning (verb): to give an authoritative order.

Example: The officer gave a clear command.

comment noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a spoken or written remark giving an opinion.

Short meaning (verb): to express an opinion about something.

Example: The teacher made a helpful comment.

commercial adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj): related to business, trade, or making a profit.

Short meaning (noun): an advertisement on TV, radio, or the internet.

Example: The commercial was shown during the game.

commission noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a group officially chosen to study or manage something; or a percentage of money earned from sales.

Short meaning (verb): to formally ask someone to create or produce something.

Example: She earns a 10% commission on sales.

commit verb

Short meaning 1: to do something wrong or illegal (commit a crime).

Short meaning 2: to promise to give time or effort to something.

Example: You must commit to your goals.

commitment noun

Short meaning: a strong promise or responsibility to do something.

Example: Training every day requires real commitment.

committee noun

Short meaning: a group of people chosen to make decisions or manage something.

Example: The committee will review the proposal.

common adjective

Short meaning: happening often or shared by many people.

Example: It is common to make mistakes while learning.

commonly adverb

Short meaning: in most cases; usually; often.

Example: This phrase is commonly used in daily speech.

communicate verb

Short meaning: to share information or express thoughts and feelings.

Example: It's important to communicate clearly.

communication noun

Short meaning: the process of exchanging information, ideas, or feelings.

Example: Good communication is key to teamwork.

community noun

Short meaning: a group of people living in the same area or sharing similar interests.

Example: The community came together to help.

company noun

Short meaning: a business organization; or the people you are with.

Example: He works for a large company.

compare verb

Short meaning: to examine two or more things to see how they are similar or different.

Example: Compare your answers with the model.

comparison noun

Short meaning: the act of comparing two or more things.

Example: The comparison shows clear differences.

compete verb

Short meaning: to take part in a contest or try to win against others.

Example: Many companies compete for the same customers.

competition noun

Short meaning: an event or situation where people or groups try to win or be better than others.

Example: The competition was tough this year.

competitive adjective

Short meaning: wanting very much to win or succeed; involving strong competition.

Example: Prices are lower in a competitive market.

complain verb

Short meaning: to say that you are unhappy or not satisfied with something.

Example: She complained about the noise.

complete adjective / verb

Short meaning (adj): whole; with all parts.
Short meaning (verb): to finish something.

Example: Please complete the form.

completely adverb

Short meaning: totally; fully; in every way.

Example: The room was completely silent.

complex adjective

Short meaning: having many parts; difficult to understand.

Example: The situation is more complex than it seems.

complicate verb

Short meaning: to make something harder to understand or deal with.

Example: Extra rules will complicate the process.

complicated adjective

Short meaning: difficult to understand or deal with.

Example: The instructions were too complicated.

component noun

Short meaning: one of the parts that make up a system or machine.

Example: This component controls the power supply.

computer noun

Short meaning: an electronic machine used for storing and processing information.

Example: Every student needs access to a computer.

concentrate verb

Short meaning: to give all your attention or effort to one thing.

Example: I can’t concentrate with so much noise.

concentration noun

Short meaning: the ability to think carefully about one thing for a long time.

Example: This task needs a lot of concentration.

concept noun

Short meaning: an idea or principle about how something works or what it is.

Example: The concept is simple but powerful.

concern noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a feeling of worry about something.
Short meaning (verb): to make someone feel worried or involved.

Example: Rising costs are a major concern.

concerned adjective

Short meaning: worried or anxious about something.

Example: Parents are concerned about online safety.

concerning preposition

Short meaning: about; related to something.

Example: They had a meeting concerning the budget.

concert noun

Short meaning: a live performance of music in front of an audience.

Example: We went to a concert last night.

conclude verb

Short meaning: to finish something, or to decide something after thinking about it.

Example: The report concludes that more research is needed.

conclusion noun

Short meaning: the end of something; a decision or opinion reached after thinking.

Example: They reached the conclusion that changes were necessary.

concrete adjective

Short meaning: clear and specific, not general or vague; or made of the building material concrete.

Example: Please give a concrete example.

condition noun

Short meaning: the state of something or someone; or a requirement for something to happen.

Example: The car is in good condition.

conduct verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to organize or carry out something.
Short meaning (noun): the way someone behaves.

Example: They will conduct an investigation.

conference noun

Short meaning: a large formal meeting for discussion.

Example: She’s attending a marketing conference.

confidence noun

Short meaning: a feeling of trust in your own abilities or in someone/something.

Example: Her confidence grew after practice.

confident adjective

Short meaning: feeling sure of yourself or certain about something.

Example: She is confident about her exam.

confirm verb

Short meaning: to show or say that something is definitely true or will happen.

Example: Please confirm your reservation.

conflict noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a serious disagreement or fight.
Short meaning (verb): to oppose or clash.

Example: There was a conflict between the two groups.

confront verb

Short meaning: to face a difficult situation or person directly.

Example: He confronted his fears.

confuse verb

Short meaning: to make someone unable to think clearly or understand something.

Example: The instructions confused me.

confused adjective

Short meaning: unable to think clearly; not understanding something.

Example: I'm confused by these changes.

confusing adjective

Short meaning: difficult to understand; unclear.

Example: The form is confusing to fill out.

confusion noun

Short meaning: a state of not understanding; disorder or lack of clarity.

Example: There was confusion over the schedule.

congratulation noun

Short meaning: words you say to someone to praise them for success.

Example: She received a warm congratulation from her friends.

congress noun

Short meaning: a large formal meeting of representatives, especially a national law-making body.

Example: The new law was passed by Congress.

connect verb

Short meaning: to join or link two or more things together.

Example: You can connect your phone to the Wi-Fi.

connection noun

Short meaning: a link or relationship between people, things, or ideas.

Example: There is a strong connection between diet and health.

conscious adjective

Short meaning: aware of something; awake and able to think and notice things.

Example: She was fully conscious during the operation.

consequence noun

Short meaning: a result of an action or situation, especially a bad one.

Example: He didn’t think about the consequences of his decision.

conservative adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj.): preferring traditional ideas and not liking big change.
Short meaning (noun): a person with conservative political or social views.

Example: Their parents are quite conservative.

consider verb

Short meaning: to think carefully about something before making a decision.

Example: You should consider all options first.

considerable adjective

Short meaning: fairly large in size, amount, or importance.

Example: The project required considerable time.

considerably adverb

Short meaning: by a large amount; a lot.

Example: Prices have risen considerably.

consideration noun

Short meaning: careful thought before making a decision; or care for other people’s feelings.

Example: After careful consideration, she accepted the job.

consist verb

Short meaning: to be formed or made up of particular parts.

Example: The team consists of ten players.

consistent adjective

Short meaning: always acting or behaving in the same way; not changing.

Example: She has been consistent in her work quality.

constant adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj.): happening all the time; not stopping or changing.
Short meaning (noun): something that stays the same.

Example: The constant noise made it hard to sleep.

constantly adverb

Short meaning: happening repeatedly or all the time.

Example: She is constantly learning new skills.

construct verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to build or create something.
Short meaning (noun): an idea or concept formed by the mind.

Example: They plan to construct a new bridge.

construction noun

Short meaning: the process of building something large such as houses, roads, or bridges.

Example: Construction of the new highway has begun.

consult verb

Short meaning: to ask someone for information or advice.

Example: You should consult a lawyer before signing the contract.

consumer noun

Short meaning: a person who buys or uses goods and services.

Example: Consumers are demanding healthier food options.

contact noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): communication or connection with someone.
Short meaning (verb): to get in touch with someone.

Example: Please contact me if you have questions.

contain verb

Short meaning: to have something inside; to include.

Example: The bottle contains one liter of water.

container noun

Short meaning: an object that can hold or store things inside it.

Example: She put the cookies in a plastic container.

contemporary adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj.): belonging to the same period; modern.
Short meaning (noun): a person living at the same time as someone else.

Example: Contemporary art is often experimental.

content noun / adjective

Short meaning (noun): the information or material inside something.
Short meaning (adj.): pleased or satisfied with what you have.

Example: The book’s content is very informative.

contest noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a competition or event to win something.
Short meaning (verb): to argue against or challenge something.

Example: She won a writing contest.

context noun

Short meaning: the situation or background in which something happens and helps to explain it.

Example: The word has a different meaning in this context.

continent noun

Short meaning: one of the large land masses of the Earth, such as Africa, Asia, or Europe.

Example: Africa is the second-largest continent.

continue verb

Short meaning: to keep doing something without stopping.

Example: Please continue reading until the end of the chapter.

continuous adjective

Short meaning: happening without any break or interruption.

Example: The machine makes a continuous humming sound.

contract noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a formal legal agreement.
Short meaning (verb): to become smaller; or to catch an illness.

Example: The company signed a two-year contract.

contrast noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a clear difference between two things.
Short meaning (verb): to show how two things are different.

Example: There is a strong contrast between the two styles.

contrasting adjective

Short meaning: very different from something else in a noticeable way.

Example: The artist used contrasting colors.

contribute verb

Short meaning: to give or add something (time, effort, ideas, or money) to help achieve a result.

Example: Many volunteers contributed to the project.

contribution noun

Short meaning: something given or done to help a person, group, or activity succeed.

Example: Her contribution was essential for the team’s success.

control noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): the power to make decisions or direct something.
Short meaning (verb): to manage or guide something.

Example: You must learn to control your stress.

controlled adjective

Short meaning: managed or kept within limits; not free or uncontrolled.

Example: Scientists worked in a controlled environment.

convenient adjective

Short meaning: useful, easy, or suitable for your needs.

Example: Online shopping is very convenient.

convention noun

Short meaning: a large formal meeting; or a traditional way of doing something.

Example: Thousands attended the annual convention.

conventional adjective

Short meaning: following the usual or traditional methods; not new or different.

Example: She prefers conventional teaching methods.

conversation noun

Short meaning: a talk between two or more people where they exchange ideas.

Example: We had a long conversation about career plans.

convert verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to change something into a different form, purpose, or system.
Short meaning (noun): a person who has changed their beliefs or habits.

Example: They converted the old factory into a museum.

convince verb

Short meaning: to make someone believe or accept something is true; or to persuade someone to do something.

Example: He convinced her to join the team.

cook verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to prepare food by heating it.
Short meaning (noun): a person who prepares food.

Example: She loves to cook Italian food.

cookie noun

Short meaning: a small sweet baked food, often with chocolate or flavoring.

Example: She grabbed a cookie before leaving.

cooking noun

Short meaning: the activity of preparing food to eat.

Example: He enjoys cooking for friends.

cool adjective / verb

Short meaning (adj.): slightly cold; calm; fashionable.
Short meaning (verb): to become less warm.

Example: The room feels cool in the morning.

cooperation noun

Short meaning: the act of working together to achieve a result.

Example: Success requires cooperation from everyone.

cope verb

Short meaning: to deal successfully with something difficult.

Example: It took time to cope with the pressure.

copy noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a version of something that is exactly like the original.
Short meaning (verb): to make something exactly like another.

Example: Please make a copy of this document.

core noun

Short meaning: the central or most important part of something.

Example: Hard work is at the core of their success.

corner noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): the place where two lines or surfaces meet.
Short meaning (verb): to force someone or something into a place they cannot escape.

Example: The store is on the corner of the street.

correct adjective / verb

Short meaning (adj.): true or accurate; without mistakes.
Short meaning (verb): to make something right by fixing errors.

Example: Please correct the spelling mistakes.

cost noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): the amount of money needed to buy or do something.
Short meaning (verb): to require money or effort.

Example: The project will cost a lot of money.

cottage noun

Short meaning: a small simple house, usually in the countryside.

Example: They rented a cottage near the lake.

cotton noun

Short meaning: a soft white fiber used to make cloth.

Example: This shirt is made of pure cotton.

cough verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to force air out of your throat suddenly.
Short meaning (noun): the act or sound of coughing.

Example: She had a dry cough all night.

could modal verb

Short meaning: used to talk about ability in the past, or to make polite suggestions/requests.

Example: Could you help me for a minute?

council noun

Short meaning: a group of people chosen to make decisions or give advice for a community or organization.

Example: The city council voted on new policies.

count verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to find the total number of something.
Short meaning (noun): the number reached by counting.

Example: She counted the coins carefully.

counter noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a flat surface used for preparing or serving things.
Short meaning (verb): to speak or act in response to something, often to oppose it.

Example: The food was placed on the kitchen counter.

country noun

Short meaning: an area of land with its own government and borders.

Example: Japan is a technologically advanced country.

countryside noun

Short meaning: land outside towns and cities, with fields and natural scenery.

Example: They went hiking in the countryside.

county noun

Short meaning: a large area within a country, used for local government.

Example: She moved to a quiet county in the north.

couple noun / quantifier

Short meaning (noun): two people who are in a relationship.
Short meaning (quantifier): a small number (usually two or a few).

Example: We stayed there for a couple of days.

courage noun

Short meaning: the ability to do something difficult or dangerous without fear.

Example: She showed great courage during the crisis.

course noun

Short meaning: a series of lessons on a subject; or the direction something moves in.

Example: She is taking a course in psychology.

court noun

Short meaning: a place where legal cases are decided; also an area for sports like tennis.

Example: The case will go to court next month.

cousin noun

Short meaning: the child of your aunt or uncle.

Example: My cousin lives in Canada.

cover verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to put something over something else for protection; or to include a topic.
Short meaning (noun): something that lies over or protects something.

Example: The insurance will cover the damage.

covered adjective

Short meaning: having something placed over it; protected or included.

Example: The ground was covered with snow.

covering noun

Short meaning: a layer placed over something for protection or decoration.

Example: A thin covering of dust was on the table.

cow noun

Short meaning: a large farm animal that gives milk.

Example: The cow grazed in the field.

crack verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to break slightly, creating a line on the surface.
Short meaning (noun): a narrow break or line on a surface.

Example: The glass began to crack.

cracked adjective

Short meaning: damaged with one or more thin breaks on the surface.

Example: The bowl was cracked but still usable.

craft noun

Short meaning: a skill in making things by hand; also a boat or aircraft.

Example: Traditional craft skills are still valued.

crash verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to hit something hard and cause damage; or for a computer to stop working suddenly. Short meaning (noun): a violent accident or loud breaking noise.

Example: His computer crashed while he was working.

crazy adjective

Short meaning: very foolish or wild; also used informally to mean extremely enthusiastic about something.

Example: That’s a crazy idea!

cream noun

Short meaning: the thick, fatty part of milk; also a soft substance used as food or medicine.

Example: She added cream to the soup.

create verb

Short meaning: to make something new or cause something to happen.

Example: The company creates digital tools for schools.

creation noun

Short meaning: the act of making something or bringing something into existence.

Example: The artist’s latest creation was displayed yesterday.

creative adjective

Short meaning: having the ability to produce original ideas or things.

Example: She is very creative with her writing.

creature noun

Short meaning: any living being, especially an animal.

Example: Strange creatures live deep in the ocean.

credit noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): praise for something; or an arrangement to borrow money. Short meaning (verb): to add money to an account.

Example: He received credit for his research.

credit card noun

Short meaning: a plastic card used to buy goods and pay for them later.

Example: She paid the bill by credit card.

crime noun

Short meaning: an illegal act that is punishable by law.

Example: Theft is a common crime in large cities.

criminal noun / adjective

Short meaning (noun): a person who commits a crime. Short meaning (adjective): related to illegal acts.

Example: The criminal was arrested yesterday.

crisis noun

Short meaning: a time of serious difficulty or danger.

Example: The company survived a major financial crisis.

crisp adjective

Short meaning: pleasantly firm or fresh; also describes speech or writing that is clear and short.

Example: The air was cool and crisp.

criterion noun

Short meaning: a standard or rule used to judge something.

Example: Test scores are one criterion for university admission.

critic noun

Short meaning: a person who judges or reviews works such as books, films, or art.

Example: Critics praised the movie for its story.

critical adjective

Short meaning: very important; or expressing negative or analytical judgment; also describes a very serious medical condition.

Example: It is critical to solve the issue quickly.

criticism noun

Short meaning: negative comments or opinions about someone or something.

Example: The plan received a lot of criticism.

criticize verb

Short meaning: to express disapproval or point out faults.

Example: She was criticized for being late.

crop noun

Short meaning: plants grown in large amounts for food or materials.

Example: The wheat crop was excellent this year.

cross verb / noun / adjective

Short meaning (verb): to go from one side to the other. Short meaning (noun): a shape with two lines that cross. Short meaning (adjective): slightly angry or annoyed.

Example: Be careful when you cross the road.

crowd noun

Short meaning: a large group of people in one place.

Example: A big crowd gathered to watch the event.

crowded adjective

Short meaning: full of too many people.

Example: The train was extremely crowded.

crown noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a decorative circle worn on the head by a king or queen. Short meaning (verb): to officially make someone a king or queen.

Example: The prince was crowned king last year.

crucial adjective

Short meaning: extremely important and necessary for success.

Example: It is crucial to follow the instructions carefully.

cruel adjective

Short meaning: causing pain or suffering; not kind.

Example: It was cruel to leave the animal outside in the cold.

crush verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to press something so hard that it breaks or loses its shape. Short meaning (noun): a strong, temporary feeling of liking someone.

Example: She accidentally crushed the box.

cry verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to produce tears because of pain, sadness, or strong emotion. Short meaning (noun): the act or sound of crying.

Example: The baby began to cry loudly.

ct. abbreviation

Short meaning: abbreviation for “cent,” a unit of money or measurement.

Example: The item costs 50 ct.

cultural adjective

Short meaning: related to the ideas, traditions, or arts of a society.

Example: The festival celebrates cultural diversity.

culture noun

Short meaning: the customs, arts, beliefs, and way of life of a particular group.

Example: Learning another language helps you understand its culture.

cup noun

Short meaning: a small container used for drinking; also a prize in sports.

Example: He drank a cup of tea.

cupboard noun

Short meaning: a piece of furniture with shelves used for storing things.

Example: The plates are in the kitchen cupboard.

cure noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a treatment that makes a sick person healthy again. Short meaning (verb): to make someone healthy again.

Example: Doctors are searching for a cure.

curious adjective

Short meaning: wanting to know or learn about something.

Example: Children are naturally curious about the world.

curl verb / noun

Short meaning: to form or make something form a curved or spiral shape.

Example: She curled her hair for the event.

curl up phrasal verb

Short meaning: to sit or lie with your arms and legs close to your body.

Example: She curled up on the sofa with a book.

curly adjective

Short meaning: having a lot of curls or waves.

Example: He has thick, curly hair.

current adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj.): happening or existing now. Short meaning (noun): the movement of water, air, or electricity in one direction.

Example: The current price is higher than last year.

currently adverb

Short meaning: at the present time; now.

Example: She is currently living abroad.

curtain noun

Short meaning: a piece of cloth that hangs at a window or around a stage.

Example: She opened the curtains to let light in.

curve noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a smooth, rounded line or shape. Short meaning (verb): to bend or move in a curved way.

Example: The road curves to the left.

curved adjective

Short meaning: having a rounded or bending shape.

Example: The architect designed a curved roof.

custom noun

Short meaning: a traditional way of behaving or doing something in a society.

Example: It is a local custom to greet people with flowers.

customer noun

Short meaning: a person who buys goods or services.

Example: The store always puts customers first.

customs noun (plural)

Short meaning: the place at a border or airport where bags are checked for controlled items.

Example: They inspected our bags at customs.

cut verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to divide something with a sharp tool or reduce something. Short meaning (noun): a small injury made by something sharp.

Example: He cut the paper with scissors.

cut down phrasal verb

Short meaning: to reduce something or to make something fall by cutting.

Example: They cut down the old tree.

cute adjective

Short meaning: pretty and attractive in a charming way.

Example: The puppy looks really cute.

cycle noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a series of events that repeat in the same order. Short meaning (verb): to ride a bicycle.

Example: Water moves through the natural cycle.

cycling noun

Short meaning: the sport or activity of riding a bicycle.

Example: Cycling is a great way to stay healthy.

dad noun

Short meaning: an informal word for father.

Example: My dad picked me up from school.

daily adjective / adverb

Short meaning: happening, done, or produced every day.

Example: Exercise is part of her daily routine.

damage noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): harm that makes something less useful or valuable. Short meaning (verb): to harm or spoil something.

Example: The storm caused serious damage.

damp adjective

Short meaning: slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way.

Example: The room felt cold and damp.

dance noun / verb

Short meaning (verb): to move your body to music. Short meaning (noun): an event or activity where people dance.

Example: They love to dance at parties.

dancer noun

Short meaning: a person who dances, especially as a job or skill.

Example: She is a professional dancer.

dancing noun

Short meaning: the activity of moving your body to music.

Example: Dancing is a fun way to stay active.

danger noun

Short meaning: the possibility of harm or injury.

Example: The sign warns of danger ahead.

dangerous adjective

Short meaning: likely to cause harm or injury; not safe.

Example: It is dangerous to drive fast on wet roads.

dare verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to have the courage to do something risky. Short meaning (noun): a challenge to do something bold.

Example: She didn’t dare to speak up.

dark adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj.): without light or with very little light. Short meaning (noun): the absence of light.

Example: It gets dark early in winter.

data noun

Short meaning: information or facts that are collected and used for analysis or decisions.

Example: The report is based on data from 500 students.

date noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a particular day of the month or year; a meeting with someone you are interested in. Short meaning (verb): to write or mark the date on something; to have a romantic relationship with someone.

Example: What’s today’s date?

date back phrasal verb

Short meaning: to have started or existed since a particular time in the past.

Example: The building dates back to the 18th century.

daughter noun

Short meaning: a person’s female child.

Example: They have one son and one daughter.

day noun

Short meaning: a period of 24 hours, or the time when it is light outside.

Example: She works all day and studies at night.

dead adjective

Short meaning: no longer alive; not working or not active.

Example: The battery is dead; it needs to be charged.

deaf adjective

Short meaning: unable to hear, or unable to hear well.

Example: He was born deaf and uses sign language.

deal noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): an agreement or arrangement, especially in business. Short meaning (verb): to take action to manage or handle a situation.

Example: They finally reached a deal with the company.

dear adjective

Short meaning: loved or important to you; sometimes used to address someone in letters.

Example: She is a very dear friend of mine.

death noun

Short meaning: the end of life; the fact of someone dying.

Example: The death of the leader shocked the nation.

debate noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a formal discussion where people express different opinions. Short meaning (verb): to discuss a subject in detail, often with different views.

Example: There was a long debate about the new law.

debt noun

Short meaning: money that you owe to someone.

Example: He is trying to pay off his student debt.

decade noun

Short meaning: a period of ten years.

Example: The city changed a lot over the past decade.

decay noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): slow destruction or rotting. Short meaning (verb): to slowly break down or rot.

Example: Tooth decay is common among children.

December noun

Short meaning: the twelfth and last month of the year.

Example: The event will be held in December.

decent adjective

Short meaning: good, acceptable, or behaving in a polite and honest way.

Example: They found a decent place to stay.

decide verb

Short meaning: to choose something after thinking about it.

Example: She decided to start a new project.

decision noun

Short meaning: a choice that you make after thinking about something.

Example: It was a difficult decision to leave the job.

declare verb

Short meaning: to announce something clearly and officially.

Example: They declared the results on TV.

decline noun / verb

Short meaning (verb): to become weaker or lower; to politely refuse something. Short meaning (noun): a gradual decrease.

Example: She declined the invitation politely.

decorate verb

Short meaning: to make something look more attractive by adding items or colors.

Example: They decorated the hall for the wedding.

decoration noun

Short meaning: something added to make a place or object look more attractive.

Example: The decorations were simple but beautiful.

decorative adjective

Short meaning: used mainly to make something look attractive rather than useful.

Example: The vase is decorative and not meant for daily use.

decrease verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to become smaller in amount or number. Short meaning (noun): a reduction or drop.

Example: Sales decreased by 10% last month.

deep adjective

Short meaning: going far down from the top or surface.

Example: The lake is very deep in the middle.

deeply adverb

Short meaning: very strongly or seriously.

Example: She was deeply moved by the story.

defeat verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to win against someone. Short meaning (noun): the act of losing.

Example: The team was defeated in the final match.

defend verb

Short meaning: to protect someone or something from attack or harm.

Example: Soldiers defend their country.

defense noun

Short meaning: the act of protecting something from harm or attack.

Example: The country improved its defense system.

define verb

Short meaning: to explain the meaning of a word or idea.

Example: The teacher asked students to define the term.

definite adjective

Short meaning: clear and certain; not likely to change.

Example: We don’t have a definite date yet.

definitely adverb

Short meaning: without any doubt; certainly.

Example: I definitely want to join the trip.

definition noun

Short meaning: a statement that explains the meaning of a word or idea.

Example: Look up the definition in a dictionary.

degree noun

Short meaning: 1) a unit for measuring temperature or angles; 2) a university qualification.

Example: She earned a degree in engineering.

delay noun / verb

Short meaning (verb): to make something happen later than planned. Short meaning (noun): a period of waiting because something is late.

Example: The flight was delayed due to bad weather.

deliberate adjective

Short meaning: done on purpose; intentional and carefully planned.

Example: It was a deliberate attempt to change the result.

deliberately adverb

Short meaning: in a way that is planned or done on purpose.

Example: He deliberately ignored the warning signs.

delicate adjective

Short meaning: easily damaged or needing careful handling.

Example: These flowers are very delicate.

delight noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): great pleasure or joy. Short meaning (verb): to make someone very happy.

Example: The news was a delight to everyone.

deliver verb

Short meaning: to bring or send something to a person or place.

Example: The courier will deliver the parcel tomorrow.

delivery noun

Short meaning: the act of taking goods, letters, or food to someone.

Example: Your delivery should arrive by noon.

demand noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a strong request for something. Short meaning (verb): to ask for something firmly.

Example: There is high demand for skilled workers.

democracy noun

Short meaning: a system of government where people choose their leaders by voting.

Example: Elections are a key part of democracy.

democratic adjective

Short meaning: based on the idea that all people should have equal rights and be able to vote.

Example: The country holds democratic elections every four years.

demonstrate verb

Short meaning: to show or explain how something works; to prove something clearly.

Example: The teacher demonstrated the experiment.

demonstration noun

Short meaning: 1) the act of showing or explaining something; 2) a public protest.

Example: Thousands joined the demonstration in the city center.

dentist noun

Short meaning: a doctor who treats problems with teeth and gums.

Example: I have an appointment with the dentist tomorrow.

deny verb

Short meaning: to say that something is not true; to refuse to accept something.

Example: She denied breaking the rules.

department noun

Short meaning: a division of a company, school, or government specializing in one area.

Example: She works in the marketing department.

departure noun

Short meaning: the act of leaving a place, especially to start a journey.

Example: The train’s departure was delayed.

depend verb

Short meaning: to be decided by something; to rely on something for support.

Example: Whether we go depends on the weather.

depend on phrasal verb

Short meaning: to need someone or something in order to function or succeed.

Example: You can depend on her for honest advice.

deposit noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): money placed in a bank or paid in advance. Short meaning (verb): to put money into a bank account.

Example: You must pay a deposit to reserve the room.

depress verb

Short meaning: to make someone feel very sad; or to reduce the level of something.

Example: Constant rain can depress your mood.

depressed adjective

Short meaning: very unhappy or without hope.

Example: She felt depressed after hearing the news.

depressing adjective

Short meaning: making you feel very sad or without hope.

Example: The movie was too depressing to finish.

depth noun

Short meaning: the distance from the top to the bottom of something; deepness.

Example: The depth of the pool is two meters.

derive verb

Short meaning: to get something from a source.

Example: Many English words derive from Latin.

derive from phrasal verb

Short meaning: to originate from or develop from something.

Example: The word ‘biology’ derives from Greek.

describe verb

Short meaning: to explain what someone or something is like.

Example: Can you describe the man you saw?

description noun

Short meaning: a spoken or written account explaining what something is like.

Example: The police asked for a detailed description.

desert noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a dry area of land with little rainfall. Short meaning (verb): to leave someone or something without help.

Example: Few plants survive in the desert.

deserve verb

Short meaning: to be worthy of something because of your actions.

Example: She deserves recognition for her hard work.

design noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a plan or drawing showing how something will look. Short meaning (verb): to create or plan something.

Example: They hired her to design the new logo.

designer noun

Short meaning: a person who plans or creates how something should look.

Example: She is a well-known fashion designer.

desire noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a strong wish or longing for something. Short meaning (verb): to strongly want something.

Example: He had a strong desire to travel.

desk noun

Short meaning: a piece of furniture with a flat surface for writing or working.

Example: She keeps her desk clean and organized.

desperate adjective

Short meaning: feeling or showing great need, hopelessness, or urgency.

Example: They were in desperate need of help.

despite preposition

Short meaning: without being affected by something; in spite of.

Example: Despite the rain, the event continued.

destroy verb

Short meaning: to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or works.

Example: The storm destroyed several houses.

destruction noun

Short meaning: the act of destroying something; great damage or ruin.

Example: The fire caused massive destruction.

detail noun

Short meaning: a single piece of information or a small part of something larger.

Example: Please check every detail before submitting.

detailed adjective

Short meaning: including many facts or small parts; very thorough.

Example: The report gives a detailed analysis of the issue.

determination noun

Short meaning: the quality of trying hard and not giving up.

Example: Her determination helped her achieve her goals.

determine verb

Short meaning: to decide or find out something after careful thought.

Example: Tests help determine the level of a student’s progress.

determined adjective

Short meaning: having a strong desire to do something and not letting anything stop you.

Example: She is determined to improve her English this year.

develop verb

Short meaning: to grow or change into something better or more advanced.

Example: The company plans to develop new products.

development noun

Short meaning: the process of growth or improvement.

Example: There have been major developments in technology.

device noun

Short meaning: a machine or tool designed for a particular purpose.

Example: Smartphones are useful electronic devices.

devote verb

Short meaning: to give time, effort, or attention to something important.

Example: He devotes hours daily to practicing piano.

devoted adjective

Short meaning: very loving, loyal, or committed to someone or something.

Example: She is devoted to her family and work.

diagram noun

Short meaning: a simple drawing or plan that shows how something works or is organized.

Example: The diagram explains the parts of the machine.

dialogue noun

Short meaning: a conversation between two or more people.

Example: The movie had realistic dialogue.

diamond noun

Short meaning: a very hard, valuable, and shiny jewel.

Example: Her ring has a small diamond.

diary noun

Short meaning: a book where you write daily events or personal thoughts.

Example: She writes in her diary every night.

dictionary noun

Short meaning: a book or online tool that explains the meanings of words.

Example: Use a dictionary to check the correct definition.

die verb

Short meaning: to stop living.

Example: Plants die without water.

diet noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): the food a person usually eats. Short meaning (verb): to eat less food to lose weight.

Example: She is on a healthy diet.

difference noun

Short meaning: the way in which people or things are not the same.

Example: Can you see the difference between the two pictures?

different adjective

Short meaning: not the same as another person or thing.

Example: These two opinions are completely different.

difficult adjective

Short meaning: not easy; needing a lot of effort or skill.

Example: The test was more difficult than expected.

difficulty noun

Short meaning: a problem or situation that makes something hard to do.

Example: He had difficulty understanding the instructions.

dig verb

Short meaning: to break up and move earth using hands or a tool.

Example: They used a shovel to dig a hole.

digital adjective

Short meaning: using or relating to computer technology or electronic systems.

Example: Many people now prefer digital books.

dinner noun

Short meaning: the main meal of the day, usually eaten in the evening.

Example: They invited us for dinner on Friday.

direct adjective / verb

Short meaning (adj): going straight to something without changing direction. Short meaning (verb): to guide or control something or someone.

Example: There is a direct train to the city.

direction noun

Short meaning: the way something or someone moves or points; instructions on how to do something.

Example: Follow the directions carefully.

directly adverb

Short meaning: immediately or without anything in between.

Example: Please contact me directly with any questions.

director noun

Short meaning: a person who manages, leads, or supervises an organization or project.

Example: The film’s director is known worldwide.

dirt noun

Short meaning: loose soil or anything that makes something unclean.

Example: The kids tracked dirt into the house.

dirty adjective

Short meaning: not clean; covered with dirt.

Example: Your shoes are dirty after the walk.

disability noun

Short meaning: a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s abilities or activities.

Example: The building provides access for people with disabilities.

disadvantage noun

Short meaning: a condition that makes something harder, less effective, or less successful.

Example: Living far from school can be a disadvantage.

disagree verb

Short meaning: to have a different opinion from someone else; not agree.

Example: They often disagree about politics.

disagreement noun

Short meaning: a situation where people have different opinions; a dispute.

Example: A small disagreement turned into a big argument.

disagree with doing phrase

Short meaning: a grammar pattern used to say you think an action or behavior is wrong.

Example: She disagrees with working late every day.

disappear verb

Short meaning: to go out of sight or stop existing.

Example: The sun disappeared behind the clouds.

disappoint verb

Short meaning: to make someone feel unhappy because something was not as good as expected.

Example: The results disappointed many fans.

disappointed adjective

Short meaning: unhappy because something did not happen as expected.

Example: She felt disappointed with her exam score.

disappointing adjective

Short meaning: not as good as expected; causing disappointment.

Example: The movie was disappointing.

disappointment noun

Short meaning: the feeling of sadness when something is not as good as expected.

Example: Losing the final was a huge disappointment.

disapproval noun

Short meaning: the feeling of having a negative opinion about something.

Example: His choices met with strong disapproval.

verb disapprove

Short meaning: to think that something is wrong or bad; to not approve of it.

Example: They disapprove of smoking indoors.

disapproving adjective

Short meaning: showing that you do not approve of something.

Example: She gave him a disapproving look.

disaster noun

Short meaning: a sudden event that causes great harm, damage, or loss.

Example: The storm was a major disaster for the town.

disc noun

Short meaning: a flat, round object such as a CD or DVD.

Example: I bought a music disc yesterday.

discipline noun

Short meaning: training that teaches self-control, rules, and good behavior.

Example: Good discipline helps students focus.

discount noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) a reduction in price; (v.) to lower the price of something.

Example: The store is offering a 20% discount.

discover verb

Short meaning: to find or learn something for the first time.

Example: She discovered a new café near her house.

discovery noun

Short meaning: the act of finding something new or learning something for the first time.

Example: The discovery of penicillin changed medicine.

discuss verb

Short meaning: to talk about something in detail.

Example: We will discuss the plan tomorrow.

discussion noun

Short meaning: a conversation where people share ideas or opinions.

Example: The discussion lasted over an hour.

disease noun

Short meaning: an illness that affects a person, animal, or plant.

Example: Heart disease is a major health issue.

disgust noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) a strong feeling of dislike; (v.) to make someone feel sick or upset.

Example: The smell filled him with disgust.

disgusted adjective

Short meaning: feeling very upset or sick because something is unpleasant.

Example: She felt disgusted by the rude comments.

disgusting adjective

Short meaning: extremely unpleasant and causing disgust.

Example: The kitchen was in a disgusting condition.

dish noun

Short meaning: a container for serving food, or a particular kind of food.

Example: Pasta is my favorite dish.

dishonest adjective

Short meaning: not honest; likely to lie or cheat.

Example: It was dishonest to take money from the wallet.

disk noun

Short meaning: a flat, round object used for storing computer data.

Example: Save the file to your hard disk.

dislike verb / noun

Short meaning: (v.) to not like something; (n.) a feeling of not liking something.

Example: I dislike waking up early.

dismiss verb

Short meaning: to send someone away or decide something is not important.

Example: The teacher dismissed the class early.

display verb / noun

Short meaning: (v.) to show something so people can see it; (n.) a public showing or a screen.

Example: The store displayed new products in the window.

dissolve verb

Short meaning: to mix with a liquid so that it becomes part of it.

Example: The sugar dissolved in the tea.

distance noun

Short meaning: the space between two points or places.

Example: The distance from my house to school is 3 km.

distant adjective

Short meaning: far away in space or time.

Example: She heard a distant sound of music.

distinguish verb

Short meaning: to see or show the difference between two things.

Example: It's hard to distinguish the twins.

distribute verb

Short meaning: to give or deliver things to many people.

Example: They distributed food to the families.

distribution noun

Short meaning: the process of delivering or sharing things among people or places.

Example: The distribution of supplies started early.

district noun

Short meaning: a specific area of a town, city, or country.

Example: She lives in the business district.

disturb verb

Short meaning: to interrupt someone or stop them from doing something.

Example: Don’t disturb me while I’m studying.

disturbing adjective

Short meaning: causing worry, fear, or discomfort.

Example: The report contained disturbing details.

divide verb

Short meaning: to separate something into parts or groups.

Example: Divide the class into two teams.

division noun

Short meaning: the act of separating something into parts, or a part of an organization.

Example: The company has a research division.

divorce noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) the legal ending of a marriage; (v.) to legally end a marriage.

Example: They got a divorce last year.

divorced adjective

Short meaning: no longer married because the marriage has legally ended.

Example: Her parents are divorced.

do verb (auxiliary / main)

Main meaning: to perform an action or activity; also used as an auxiliary verb in questions and negatives.

Example: I do my homework every day.

doctor noun

Short meaning: a medical professional who treats illnesses or injuries.

Example: She visited the doctor for a check-up.

document noun

Short meaning: an official written or printed paper that gives information.

Example: Please sign this document.

dog noun

Short meaning: a common pet and domestic animal known for loyalty.

Example: Their dog loves playing outside.

dollar noun

Short meaning: the unit of money used in the United States and some other countries.

Example: The book costs ten dollars.

domestic adjective

Short meaning: relating to the home or happening within one country (not international).

Example: Domestic flights are usually cheaper.

dominate verb

Short meaning: to control or have strong influence over something or someone.

Example: One company now dominates the industry.

door noun

Short meaning: a movable structure used to open or close an entrance.

Example: Please close the door when you leave.

dot noun

Short meaning: a very small round mark.

Example: Write an 'i' with a dot on top.

double adjective / verb / noun

Short meaning: (adj.) twice as much; (v.) to become twice as large; (n.) an amount twice as big.

Example: Sales doubled last year.

doubt noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) a feeling of being unsure; (v.) to feel uncertain about something.

Example: I doubt that he will come today.

down adverb / preposition / adjective

Short meaning: towards a lower place or level; in a reduced or lower position.

Example: She walked down the stairs.

downstairs adverb

Short meaning: on or to a lower floor of a building.

Example: The kitchen is downstairs.

downtown adverb / adjective

Short meaning: in or toward the central business area of a city.

Example: They went downtown to shop.

downward adjective / adverb

Short meaning: moving toward a lower place or level.

Example: Prices show a downward trend.

dozen noun

Short meaning: a group of twelve.

Example: I bought a dozen eggs.

Dr. abbreviation

Short meaning: title used before the name of a medical doctor.

Example: Dr. Smith will see you now.

draft noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) an early version of a document; (v.) to write a first version.

Example: She wrote a draft of her report.

drag verb

Short meaning: to pull something along the ground with effort.

Example: He dragged the heavy bag across the floor.

drama noun

Short meaning: a play for the theatre or an exciting event full of emotion.

Example: She loves watching historical dramas.

dramatic adjective

Short meaning: sudden or exciting in a way that attracts attention.

Example: There was a dramatic increase in sales.

draw verb

Short meaning: to make a picture using a pen or pencil.

Example: She loves to draw animals.

drawer noun

Short meaning: a sliding box-shaped part of furniture used for storage.

Example: The keys are in the top drawer.

drawing noun

Short meaning: a picture made with a pen, pencil, or similar tool.

Example: His drawing was displayed in the classroom.

dream noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) images or thoughts during sleep; (v.) to imagine or wish for something.

Example: He dreams of becoming a pilot.

dress verb / noun

Short meaning: (v.) to put clothes on; (n.) a piece of clothing worn by women or girls.

Example: She wore a red dress to the party.

dressed adjective

Short meaning: wearing clothes, especially for a particular purpose.

Example: She was already dressed when I arrived.

drink noun / verb

Short meaning: (v.) to take liquid into the body; (n.) a liquid you can drink.

Example: I need a drink of water.

drive verb / noun

Short meaning: (v.) to operate and control a vehicle; (n.) a trip in a vehicle.

Example: She drives to work every day.

driver noun

Short meaning: someone who drives a vehicle.

Example: The bus driver greeted everyone.

driving noun / adjective

Short meaning: (n.) the act of controlling a vehicle; (adj.) having strong force.

Example: Driving at night requires extra attention.

drop verb / noun

Short meaning: (v.) to let something fall; (n.) a small amount of liquid.

Example: Don’t drop the glass!

drug noun

Short meaning: a chemical used as medicine or an illegal substance.

Example: The doctor gave her a drug for the pain.

drugstore noun (US)

Short meaning: a store that sells medicine and everyday items.

Example: I need to stop by the drugstore.

drum noun

Short meaning: a musical instrument you hit to make sound.

Example: He played the drums in the band.

drunk adjective

Short meaning: having drunk too much alcohol.

Example: He was too drunk to drive.

dry adjective / verb

Short meaning: (adj.) not wet; (v.) to remove water.

Example: Leave your shoes outside to dry.

dry off phrasal verb

Short meaning: to become dry or make something dry.

Example: Dry off before coming inside.

due adjective

Short meaning: expected to happen or be ready at a certain time.

Example: The project is due tomorrow.

dull adjective

Short meaning: not interesting; not bright; not sharp.

Example: The lecture was long and dull.

dump verb / noun

Short meaning: (v.) to throw something away; (n.) a place for waste.

Example: He dumped the broken chair.

during preposition

Short meaning: throughout the time something is happening.

Example: Don’t talk during the movie.

dust noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) tiny pieces of dirt; (v.) to remove dust from surfaces.

Example: The shelf needs dusting.

duty noun

Short meaning: something you must do because it is your job or responsibility.

Example: It is your duty to report the problem.

DVD noun

Short meaning: a disc used for storing video or data.

Example: They watched a movie on DVD.

dying adjective

Short meaning: about to die or coming to an end.

Example: The plant is dying without sunlight.

each determiner / pronoun / adverb

Short meaning: every one of two or more people or things, considered separately.

Example: Each student received a book.

each other pronoun phrase

Short meaning: used to show two people or groups have the same action toward the other.

Example: They hugged each other.

eager adjective

Short meaning: wanting very much to do or have something.

Example: She is eager to start her new job.

ear noun

Short meaning: the part of the body used for hearing.

Example: She whispered into his ear.

early adjective / adverb

Short meaning: happening before the usual or expected time.

Example: He arrived early to the meeting.

earn verb

Short meaning: to receive money or something valuable for work or effort.

Example: She earns $20 an hour.

earth noun

Short meaning: the planet we live on; also soil or ground.

Example: The Earth orbits the sun.

ease noun / verb

Short meaning: (n.) lack of difficulty; (v.) to make something less difficult or painful.

Example: A warm bath may ease the pain.

easily adverb

Short meaning: without difficulty; in a simple or quick way.

Example: She solved the problem easily.

east noun / adjective / adverb

Short meaning: the direction where the sun rises.

Example: The city lies to the east of the river.

eastern adjective

Short meaning: in or from the east part of a place or region.

Example: Eastern Europe has many historic cities.

easy adjective

Short meaning: not difficult; requiring little effort.

Example: The test was surprisingly easy.

eat verb

Short meaning: to take food into the body.

Example: They usually eat dinner at 7 p.m.

eat up phrasal verb

Short meaning: to eat all of something completely.

Example: Eat up your vegetables!

economic adjective

Short meaning: related to money, trade, or the financial system of a country.

Example: The country is facing economic challenges.

economics noun

Short meaning: the study of how money, goods, and services are produced and used.

Example: She is studying economics at university.

economy noun

Short meaning: the system by which a country’s money, industries, and trade are organized.

Example: The global economy is changing quickly.

edge noun

Short meaning: the outer or sharp side of something; also a slight advantage.

Example: She stood at the edge of the cliff.

noun edition

Short meaning: a particular version of a book, newspaper, or magazine.

Example: The latest edition includes new chapters.

editor noun

Short meaning: a person who checks, corrects, and prepares text or media for publication.

Example: The editor reviewed every article carefully.

educate verb

Short meaning: to teach someone, especially in a formal setting.

Example: Schools exist to educate children.

educated adjective

Short meaning: having received a good amount of schooling or training.

Example: She is highly educated in economics.

education noun

Short meaning: the process of teaching, learning, and gaining knowledge in schools or other settings.

Example: Education plays a key role in development.

educational adjective

Short meaning: related to learning, teaching, or studying.

Example: LVF creates high-quality educational content.

effect noun

Short meaning: a change that happens because of something else.

Example: The medicine had no side effects.

effective adjective

Short meaning: working well and producing the result you want.

Example: It’s an effective way to study vocabulary.

effectively adverb

Short meaning: in a way that works well and gets good results.

Example: She communicates very effectively.

efficient adjective

Short meaning: working well without wasting time, energy, or resources.

Example: The new system is more efficient than before.

effort noun

Short meaning: the physical or mental energy you use to do something.

Example: Learning new words takes time and effort.

e.g. abbreviation

Short meaning: used to introduce one or more examples of what you mean.

Example: You should eat more fruit, e.g. apples and oranges.

egg noun

Short meaning: a round or oval object laid by a bird, often eaten as food.

Example: She had an egg for breakfast.

either determiner / pronoun / adverb

Short meaning: one of two choices, or used in negatives to mean “also not”.

Example: You can choose either coffee or tea.

elbow noun

Short meaning: the joint in the middle of your arm where it bends.

Example: He rested his elbow on the table.

elderly adjective

Short meaning: used to describe people who are quite old.

Example: The bus has special seats for elderly passengers.

elect verb

Short meaning: to choose someone for a position by voting.

Example: They elected her as class president.

election noun

Short meaning: an event when people vote to choose someone for a public position.

Example: The election will be held next month.

electric adjective

Short meaning: using, producing, or powered by electricity.

Example: They bought an electric car to reduce emissions.

electrical adjective

Short meaning: connected with electricity or electrical equipment.

Example: An electrician fixed the electrical problem in the house.

electricity noun

Short meaning: a form of energy that provides power for lights, machines, and devices.

Example: We lost electricity during the storm.

electronic adjective

Short meaning: using small parts like chips and circuits to control electric current.

Example: Many people read news on electronic devices.

elegant adjective

Short meaning: attractive in a simple, stylish, and graceful way.

Example: The restaurant has an elegant interior.

element noun

Short meaning: a basic or important part of something larger.

Example: Practice is a key element of language learning.

elevator noun (US)

Short meaning: a machine that carries people or things up and down in a building.

Example: We took the elevator to the tenth floor.

eliminate verb

Short meaning: to remove something completely or get rid of it.

Example: We need to eliminate unnecessary mistakes.

else adverb

Short meaning: in addition; different; other than the one mentioned.

Example: Do you want anything else?

elsewhere adverb

Short meaning: in or to another place.

Example: The answer can be found elsewhere.

e-mail noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a message sent electronically over the internet.

Example: I received an e-mail from my teacher.

Short meaning (verb): to send someone a message electronically.

Example: I’ll e-mail you the details.

embarrass verb

Short meaning: to make someone feel shy, uncomfortable, or ashamed.

Example: His question embarrassed her.

embarrassed adjective

Short meaning: feeling shy, awkward, or ashamed because of something.

Example: She felt embarrassed when everyone stared at her.

embarrassing adjective

Short meaning: causing someone to feel shy or uncomfortable.

Example: Forgetting my lines on stage was embarrassing.

embarrassment noun

Short meaning: a feeling of shame or awkwardness.

Example: The mistake was a huge embarrassment for him.

emerge verb

Short meaning: to appear or come out from somewhere.

Example: A few new details emerged during the investigation.

emergency noun

Short meaning: a serious and unexpected situation that needs immediate action.

Example: Call 911 in an emergency.

emotion noun

Short meaning: a strong feeling such as happiness, anger, or sadness.

Example: She tried to hide her emotions.

emotional adjective

Short meaning: showing or having strong feelings.

Example: It was an emotional speech.

emphasis noun

Short meaning: special importance or extra attention given to something.

Example: The teacher placed emphasis on pronunciation.

emphasize verb

Short meaning: to give special importance to something.

Example: She emphasized the need for practice.

empire noun

Short meaning: a large group of countries or regions controlled by one ruler or government.

Example: The Roman Empire lasted for centuries.

employ verb

Short meaning: to give someone a job or to use something for a purpose.

Example: The company employs over 500 people.

employee noun

Short meaning: a person who works for a company or organization.

Example: The new employee started yesterday.

employer noun

Short meaning: a person or company that gives people jobs.

Example: Employers must ensure a safe workplace.

employment noun

Short meaning: the state of having a job or work.

Example: Employment levels rose this year.

empty adjective / verb

Short meaning (adjective): containing nothing; not filled.

Example: The box was completely empty.

Short meaning (verb): to remove everything from something.

Example: Please empty the trash bin.

enable verb

Short meaning: to make something possible or give someone the ability to do something.

Example: This feature enables users to save time.

encounter verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to meet someone or something unexpectedly.

Example: We may encounter some problems along the way.

Short meaning (noun): an unexpected meeting or experience.

Example: It was his first encounter with wildlife.

encourage verb

Short meaning: to give someone confidence or support to do something.

Example: Teachers should encourage students to ask questions.

encouragement noun

Short meaning: words or actions that give someone confidence or hope.

Example: Her encouragement helped him continue studying.

end noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): the final part of something.

Example: The movie had a surprising end.

Short meaning (verb): to finish or stop something.

Example: The meeting will end at 4 PM.

ending noun

Short meaning: the final part of a story, event, or situation.

Example: The ending of the novel was emotional.

enemy noun

Short meaning: a person or group that hates or opposes you.

Example: The two countries used to be enemies.

energy noun

Short meaning: the power or strength needed to do work or be active.

Example: I don’t have enough energy to continue.

engage verb

Short meaning: to take part in something or attract someone’s interest.

Example: Students must engage actively in discussions.

engaged adjective

Short meaning: busy doing something or formally promised to marry someone.

Example: She is engaged in volunteer work.

engine noun

Short meaning: a machine that produces power to make something move.

Example: The car’s engine needs repair.

engineer noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a professional who designs or builds machines, structures, or systems.

Example: She is a software engineer.

Short meaning (verb): to cleverly plan or arrange something.

engineering noun

Short meaning: the science and work of designing or building machines and structures.

Example: He studied mechanical engineering.

enjoy verb

Short meaning: to take pleasure in something.

Example: I enjoy reading at night.

enjoyable adjective

Short meaning: giving pleasure; fun to do.

Example: It was an enjoyable trip.

enjoyment noun

Short meaning: the feeling of pleasure or satisfaction from something.

Example: Music brings her great enjoyment.

enormous adjective

Short meaning: extremely large.

Example: The project required an enormous amount of work.

enough determiner / pronoun / adverb

Short meaning: as much or as many as needed.

Example: We have enough chairs for everyone.

ensure verb

Short meaning: to make certain that something will happen.

Example: Please ensure all doors are locked.

enter verb

Short meaning: to go into a place or join an activity.

Example: She entered the building quietly.

entertain verb

Short meaning: to amuse or interest people.

Example: The show was created to entertain children.

entertainer noun

Short meaning: someone who performs to amuse people.

Example: The entertainer thrilled the crowd.

entertaining adjective

Short meaning: enjoyable and amusing.

Example: It was an entertaining evening.

entertainment noun

Short meaning: activities that amuse or give enjoyment.

Example: The city has many entertainment options.

enthusiasm noun

Short meaning: strong excitement, interest, or eagerness about something.

Example: She showed great enthusiasm for the project.

enthusiastic adjective

Short meaning: showing strong excitement or eagerness.

Example: The students were enthusiastic about learning.

entire adjective

Short meaning: whole; complete; including everything.

Example: He spent the entire day studying.

entirely adverb

Short meaning: completely; fully; in every way.

Example: The plan is entirely different now.

entitle verb

Short meaning: to give someone the right to do or have something.

Example: The ticket entitles you to one free drink.

entrance noun

Short meaning: a door, gate, or opening used to enter a place.

Example: The main entrance is on the left.

entry noun

Short meaning: the act of entering a place or a piece of information written down.

Example: Your entry must be submitted by Friday.

envelope noun

Short meaning: a flat paper container used for mailing a letter.

Example: She put the letter in an envelope.

environment noun

Short meaning: the natural world or the surroundings in which people live and work.

Example: We must protect the environment.

environmental adjective

Short meaning: related to the environment or natural world.

Example: Environmental problems are increasing worldwide.

equal adjective / noun / verb

Short meaning (adj): the same in amount, size, value, or level.

Example: All citizens should have equal rights.

equally adverb

Short meaning: to the same degree or in a fair and equal way.

Example: The money was equally divided among them.

equipment noun

Short meaning: the tools, machines, or supplies needed for a particular activity or purpose.

Example: The gym has new fitness equipment.

equivalent adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj): equal in value, amount, or meaning.

Example: Ten euros is roughly equivalent to eleven dollars.

era noun

Short meaning: a long and important period of history or time.

Example: We are living in the digital era.

error noun

Short meaning: a mistake or something that is incorrect.

Example: There was an error in the report.

escape verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to get away from a place or situation of danger.

Example: They managed to escape the burning building.

Short meaning (noun): an act of getting free from something.

especially adverb

Short meaning: more than usual; particularly.

Example: She loves desserts, especially chocolate cake.

essay noun

Short meaning: a short piece of writing on a particular subject, often for school or exams.

Example: We had to write an essay about climate change.

essential adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj): extremely important and necessary.

Example: Water is essential for life.

essentially adverb

Short meaning: basically; in the most important ways.

Example: Essentially, the two methods are the same.

establish verb

Short meaning: to start something such as an organization, system, or rule; or to prove something is true.

Example: The company was established in 1998.

estate noun

Short meaning: a large area of land or property; all the money and assets a person owns.

Example: The family owns a large estate in the countryside.

estimate verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to guess or calculate the size, amount, or cost of something approximately.

Example: They estimated the cost at $500.

etc. abbreviation

Short meaning: used after a list to show that more similar things could be added.

Example: apples, bananas, oranges, etc.

ethnic adjective

Short meaning: connected with a particular race, nation, or cultural group.

Example: The city has many ethnic communities.

even adverb / adjective

Short meaning (adv): used to emphasize something surprising.

Example: She didn’t even say goodbye.

evening noun

Short meaning: the part of the day between late afternoon and night.

Example: They went for a walk in the evening.

event noun

Short meaning: something that happens, especially something important or organized.

Example: The school is organizing a sports event.

eventually adverb

Short meaning: in the end, especially after a long time.

Example: He eventually found a job he liked.

ever adverb

Short meaning: at any time.

Example: Have you ever been to London?

every determiner

Short meaning: including all members of a group without exception.

Example: She goes running every morning.

everyone pronoun

Short meaning: every person; all people.

Example: Everyone enjoyed the party.

everything pronoun

Short meaning: all things.

Example: Everything is ready for the trip.

everywhere adverb

Short meaning: in all places.

Example: The posters were everywhere in the city.

evidence noun

Short meaning: facts or information that show something is true.

Example: There is no evidence to support the claim.

evil adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj): very bad or harmful; morally wrong.

Example: The story describes an evil character.

ex- prefix

Short meaning: used to show a former role or status.

Example: ex-teacher, ex-manager.

exact adjective

Short meaning: completely accurate or correct.

Example: Can you give me the exact time?

exactly adverb

Short meaning: used to emphasize accuracy or agreement.

Example: That’s exactly what I meant.

exaggerate verb

Short meaning: to make something seem larger, worse, or more important than it really is.

Example: Don’t exaggerate the problem.

exaggerated adjective

Short meaning: made to seem more extreme than it really is.

Example: His fears were exaggerated.

exam noun

Short meaning: a formal test of knowledge or ability.

Example: She has an English exam tomorrow.

examination noun

Short meaning: a detailed check or a formal test.

Example: The doctor began the examination.

examine verb

Short meaning: to look at something carefully to understand it.

Example: The police will examine the evidence.

example noun

Short meaning: something used to show or explain an idea.

Example: She gave an example to explain the rule.

excellent adjective

Short meaning: extremely good; of very high quality.

Example: She did an excellent job.

except preposition / conjunction

Short meaning: not including; apart from.

Example: Everyone came except John.

exception noun

Short meaning: a person or thing that is not included in a general rule.

Example: There are a few exceptions to this rule.

exchange noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): the act of giving one thing and receiving another.

Example: They had a brief exchange of ideas.

excite verb

Short meaning: to make someone feel happy, enthusiastic, or eager.

Example: The news will excite the whole team.

excited adjective

Short meaning: very happy and interested in something that is going to happen.

Example: She is excited about the trip.

excitement noun

Short meaning: a strong feeling of joy, enthusiasm, or interest.

Example: There was excitement in the air.

exciting adjective

Short meaning: causing strong interest or enthusiasm.

Example: It was an exciting match.

exclude verb

Short meaning: to leave someone or something out; not include.

Example: The price excludes taxes.

excluding preposition

Short meaning: not including someone or something.

Example: The cost is $50, excluding delivery.

excuse noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a reason given to explain a mistake or behavior.

Example: That’s just an excuse.

Short meaning (verb): to forgive someone or allow them not to do something.

Example: Please excuse my delay.

executive noun / adjective

Short meaning (noun): a person with senior managerial responsibility.

Example: She is a company executive.

Short meaning (adj): related to management or decision-making roles.

exercise noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): physical activity to stay healthy.

Example: Regular exercise is important.

Short meaning (verb): to move your body to stay fit.

exhibit verb

Short meaning: to show something in public.

Example: The museum will exhibit new art.

exhibition noun

Short meaning: a public display of art or other items.

Example: The exhibition opens today.

exist verb

Short meaning: to be real or present.

Example: Many species no longer exist.

existence noun

Short meaning: the state of being alive, real, or present.

Example: The existence of water made life possible.

exit noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a door or way out of a place.

Example: Look for the nearest exit.

Short meaning (verb): to leave a place.

expand verb

Short meaning: to become larger or make something larger.

Example: The company plans to expand its services.

expect verb

Short meaning: to think something will happen or be true.

Example: We expect the results tomorrow.

expectation noun

Short meaning: a belief that something will happen or be true.

Example: The project met everyone's expectations.

expected adjective

Short meaning: thought likely to happen.

Example: The expected results were announced.

expense noun

Short meaning: the amount of money needed for something.

Example: Travel expenses were high.

expensive adjective

Short meaning: costing a lot of money.

Example: The restaurant is too expensive.

experience noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): knowledge or skill gained over time.

Example: She has teaching experience.

Short meaning (verb): to go through something yourself.

experienced adjective

Short meaning: having a lot of skill or knowledge from doing something for a long time.

Example: She is an experienced engineer.

experiment noun / verb

Short meaning (noun): a scientific test done to discover something.

Example: The experiment proved the theory.

Short meaning (verb): to try new ideas or methods.

expert noun / adjective

Short meaning (noun): a person with a lot of knowledge or skill in a subject.

Example: She is an expert in computer science.

Short meaning (adj): having or showing special skill.

explain verb

Short meaning: to make something clear or easy to understand.

Example: Can you explain the rules?

explanation noun

Short meaning: a statement that makes something easier to understand.

Example: The teacher gave a clear explanation.

explode verb

Short meaning: to burst or break apart suddenly with a loud noise.

Example: The bomb could explode at any moment.

explore verb

Short meaning: to travel through a place or think about an idea to learn more about it.

Example: They plan to explore the city this weekend.

explosion noun

Short meaning: a violent burst that happens when something explodes.

Example: The explosion damaged nearby buildings.

export verb / noun

Short meaning (verb): to send goods to another country to sell.

Example: The company exports coffee worldwide.

Short meaning (noun): a product sold to another country.

expose verb

Short meaning: to show something that is usually hidden, or to put someone in a situation where they are not protected.

Example: The report exposed serious problems in the system.

express verb / adjective

Short meaning (verb): to show or say what you think or feel.

Example: She expressed her thanks to the team.

Short meaning (adj): fast and direct, especially for transport.

expression noun

Short meaning 1: a word or phrase used in a particular way.

Short meaning 2: the look on someone’s face that shows how they feel.

Example: Her expression showed she was surprised.

extend verb

Short meaning: to make something longer, larger, or last for more time.

Example: They decided to extend the meeting by 30 minutes.

extension noun

Short meaning 1: extra time allowed for something.

Short meaning 2: a new part added to a building or object.

Example: He asked for an extension on the deadline.

extensive adjective

Short meaning: large in amount or covering a wide area.

Example: The book is based on extensive research.

extent noun

Short meaning: the degree or amount of something; how far something reaches.

Example: We don’t yet know the full extent of the damage.

extra adjective / adverb / noun

Short meaning (adj/adv): more than is usual, expected, or needed.

Example: You have to pay extra for dessert.

Short meaning (noun): an additional thing that is added.

extraordinary adjective

Short meaning: very unusual, special, or surprising.

Example: The team did an extraordinary job.

extreme adjective / noun

Short meaning (adj): very great in degree; far from normal.

Example: They work in extreme heat.

Short meaning (noun): the highest or lowest level of something.